We were however aware of Marx, and I find that my copy of the French edition of “Das Kapital” is dated 8th October, 1883; but I do not think that any of the original Fabians had read the book or had assimilated its ideas at the time the Society was founded.

To some of those who joined the Society in its early days Christian Socialism opened the way of salvation.  The “Christian Socialist"[4] was established by a band of persons some of whom were not Socialist and others not Christian.  It claimed to be the spiritual child of the Christian Socialist movement of 1848-52, which again was Socialist only on its critical side, and constructively was merely Co-operative Production by voluntary associations of workmen.  Under the guidance of the Rev. Stewart D. Headlam[5] its policy of the revived movement was Land Reform, particularly on the lines of the Single Tax.  The introductory article boldly claims the name of Socialist, as used by Maurice and Kingsley:  the July number contains a long article by Henry George.  In September a formal report is given of the work of the Democratic Federation.  In November Christianity and Socialism are said to be convertible terms, and in January, 1884, the clerical view of usury is set forth in an article on the morality of interest.  In March Mr. H.H.  Champion explains “surplus value,” and in April we find a sympathetic review of the “Historic Basis of Socialism.”  In April, 1885, appears a long and full report of a lecture by Bernard Shaw to the Liberal and Social Union.  The greater part of the paper is filled with Land Nationalisation, Irish affairs—­the land agitation in Ireland was then at its height—­and the propaganda of Henry George:  whilst much space is devoted to the religious aspect of the social problem.  Sydney Olivier, before he joined the Fabian Society, was one of the managing group, and amongst others concerned in it were the Rev. C.L.  Marson and the Rev. W.E.  Moll.  At a later period a Christian Socialist Society was formed; but our concern here is with the factors which contributed to the Fabian Society at its start, and it is not necessary to touch on other periods of the movement.

Thomas Davidson[6] was the occasion rather than the cause of the founding of the Fabian Society.  His socialism was ethical and individual rather than economic and political.  He was spiritually a descendant of the Utopians of Brook Farm and the Phalanstery, and what he yearned for was something in the nature of a community of superior people withdrawn from the world because of its wickedness, and showing by example how a higher life might be led.  Probably his Scotch common sense recoiled from definitely taking the plunge:  I am not aware that he ever actually proposed that his disciples should form a self-contained community.  In a lecture to the New York Fellowship of the New Life, he said, “I shall set out with two assumptions, first, that human life does not consist in material possession; and second, that it does consist