Scanty Fare During the Winter.—­A Poor Hunting Ground.—­The
     Return of the Fishing Season.—­The Uthlecan or Smelt.—­Its
     Qualities.—­Vast Shoals of it.—­Sturgeon.—­Indian Modes of
     Taking It.—­The Salmon—­Different Species.—­Nature of the
     Country About the Coast.—­Forests and Forest Trees.—­A
     Remarkable Flowering Vine.—­Animals.—­Birds.—­Reptiles—­
     Climate West of the Mountains—­Mildness of the
     Temperature.—­Soil of the Coast and the Interior.

The winter passed away tranquilly at Astoria.  The apprehensions of hostility from the natives had subsided; indeed, as the season advanced, the Indians for the most part had disappeared from the neighborhood, and abandoned the sea-coast, so that, for want of their aid, the colonists had at times suffered considerably for want of provisions.  The hunters belonging to the establishment made frequent and wide excursions, but with very moderate success.  There were some deer and a few bears to be found in the vicinity, and elk in great numbers; the country, however, was so rough, and the woods so close and entangled that it was almost impossible to beat up the game.  The prevalent rains of winter, also, rendered it difficult for the hunter to keep his arms in order.  The quantity of game, therefore, brought in by the hunters was extremely scanty, and it was frequently necessary to put all hands on very moderate allowance.  Towards spring, however, the fishing season commenced—­the season of plenty on the Columbia.  About the beginning of February, a small kind of fish, about six inches long, called by the natives the uthlecan, and resembling the smelt, made its appearance at the mouth of the river.  It is said to be of delicious flavor, and so fat as to burn like a candle, for which it is often used by the natives.  It enters the river in immense shoals, like solid columns, often extending to the depth of five or more feet, and is scooped up by the natives with small nets at the end of poles.  In this way they will soon fill a canoe, or form a great heap upon the river banks.  These fish constitute a principal article of their food; the women drying them and stringing them on cords.  As the uthlecan is only found in the lower part of the river, the arrival of it soon brought back the natives to the coast; who again resorted to the factory to trade, and from that time furnished plentiful supplies of fish.

The sturgeon makes its appearance in the river shortly after the uthlecan, and is taken in different ways by the natives:  sometimes they spear it; but oftener they use the hook and line, and the net.  Occasionally, they sink a cord in the river by a heavy weight, with a buoy at the upper end, to keep floating.  To this cord several hooks are attached by short lines, a few feet distant from each other, and baited with small fish.  This apparatus is often set towards night, and by the next morning several sturgeon will be found hooked by it; for though a large and strong fish, it makes but little resistance when ensnared.