After His death and resurrection, when Jesus charged His disciples to preach the Gospel, He bade them teach their followers to observe all things whatsoever He had commanded them.[002] The Apostles, accordingly, appear to have furnished the leaders of the churches they planted with summaries of doctrine, such as we find in the fifteenth chapter of Paul’s first Epistle to the Corinthians.[003] Paul seems to refer to such a summary when he writes to the Romans commending them for obedience to the “form of doctrine” which was delivered them,[004] and when he bestows his benediction on those Galatians who walked according to “this rule."[005] It was, doubtless, such a compendium of doctrine he had in view when he charged Timothy to “keep that which was committed to his trust,” contrasting this “deposit” with “profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called."[006] The bearing of this charge is made more emphatic when it is repeated by the Apostle in connection with the exhortation, “Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me, in faith and love which is in Christ Jesus."[007]

It would thus appear that from Apostolic times there existed a form of words of the character of a creed, which, for some reason, came to be jealously guarded and concealed from all who were not Christians.  It was perhaps Paul’s reference to the summary of doctrine as a “deposit” to be carefully kept, that led the early converts to regard it as a private possession—­a trust to be hidden in the heart and covered from unfriendly eyes.  The Apostle did not mean that it should be so regarded, but this interpretation given to his words, or some other cause, led to its being used as a watchword rather than as an open confession, the consequence of which is that in the writings of the earliest Christian fathers no statement of doctrines corresponding to a creed is found.

The absence of creeds or of allusions to them in the oldest Christian treatises gives seeming point to the objection urged by Professor Harnack and others against the Apostles’ Creed as now held and interpreted by the Church, that it is not a correct summary of early Christian belief.  That such objections are not well founded will become apparent as the various articles of the Creed are considered in the light of Apostolic teaching.  The absence of creeds in early Christian writings is sufficiently accounted for by the care with which the summary was cherished as a secret trust, to be treasured in the memory but not to be written or otherwise profaned by publicity.

The word “creed”—­derived from the Latin “credo, I believe”—­is, in its ecclesiastical sense, used to denote a summary or concise statement of doctrines formulated and accepted by a church.  Although usually connected with religious belief, it has a wider meaning, and designates the principles which an individual or an associated body so holds that they become the springs and guides