and was dispensed with whenever practicable.  The crude paper is the foundation of the roofing paper.  The qualities of a good, unadulterated paper have already been stated.  At times, the crude paper contains too many earthy ingredients which impair the cohesion of the felted fibrous substance, and which especially the carbonate of lime is very injurious, as it readily effects the decomposition of the coal tar.  The percentage of wool, upon which the durability of the paper depends very largely, is very small in some of the paper found in the market.  In place of woolen rags, cheap substitutes have been used, such as waste, which contains vegetable fibers.  Since this cannot resist the decomposition process for any length of time, it is evident that the roofing paper which contains a noticeable quantity of vegetable fibers cannot be very durable.  To judge from the endeavors made to improve the coal tar, it may be concluded that this material does not fully comply with its function of making the roofing paper perfectly and durably waterproof.  The coal tar, be it either crude or distilled, is not a perfect impregnating material, and the roofing paper, saturated with it, possesses several defects.  Let us in the following try to ascertain their shortcomings, and then express our idea in what manner the roofing paper may be improved.  It was previously mentioned that every tar roofing paper will, after a greater or smaller lapse of time, assume a dry, porous, friable condition, caused by the volatilization of a part of the constituents of the tar.  This alteration is materially assisted by the oxygen of the air, which causes the latter to become resinous and exerts a chemical influence upon them.  By the volatilization of the lighter tar oils, pores are generated between the fibers of the roofing paper, into which the air and humidity penetrate.  In consequence of the greatly enlarged surface, not only the solid ingredients of the tar, which still remain unaltered, are exposed to the action of the oxygen, but also the fibers of the roofing paper are exposed to decomposition.  How destructive the alternating influence of the oxygen and the atmospheric precipitations are for the roofing paper will be shown by the following results of tests.  It will have been observed that the rain water running from an old paper roof, especially after dry weather, has a yellowish, sometimes a brown yellow color.  The supposition that this colored rain water might contain decomposition products of the roofing paper readily prompted itself, and it has been collected and analyzed at different seasons of the year.  After a period of several weeks of fair weather during the summer, rain fell, and the sample of water running from a roof was caught and evaporated; the residue when dried weighed 1.68 grammes.  It was of a brownish black color, fusible in heat and readily soluble, with a yellow brown color in water.  The dark brown substance readily dissolved in ammonia, alcohol, dilute acid,