is involved in these shooting establishments.  The late Sir Richard Sutton, a great celebrity in the sporting world, who had the finest shooting in England, and therefore probably in the world, used to say that every pheasant he killed cost him a guinea.  On some estates the sale of the game is in some degree a set-off to the cost of maintaining it, just as the sale of the fruit decreases the cost of pineries, etc.  Nothing but the fact that the possession of land becomes more and more vested in those who regard it as luxury could have enabled this sacrifice of farming to sport to continue so long.  It is the source of continual complaint and resentment on the part of the farmers, who are only pacified by allowance being made to them out of their rent for damage done by game.

The expense of keeping up large places becomes heavier every year, owing to the constantly-increasing rates of wages, etc., and in some cases imposes a grievous burden, eating heavily into income and leaving men with thousands of acres very poor balances at their bankers to meet the Christmas bills.  Those who have large families to provide for, and get seriously behindhand, usually shut up or let their places—­which latter is easily done if they be near London or in a good shooting country—­and recoup on the Continent; but of late years prices there have risen so enormously that this plan of restoring the equilibrium between income and expenditure is far less satisfactory than it was forty years ago.  The encumbrances on many estates are very heavy.  A nobleman who twenty years ago succeeded to an entailed estate, with a house almost gutted, through having had an execution put in it, and a heavy debt—­some of which, though not legally bound to liquidate, he thought it his duty to settle—­acted in a very spirited manner which few of his order have the courage to imitate.  He dropped his title, went abroad and lived for some years on about three thousand dollars a year.  He has now paid off all his encumbrances, and has a clear income, steadily increasing, of a hundred thousand dollars a year.  In another case a gentleman accomplished a similar feat by living in a corner of his vast mansion and maintaining only a couple of servants.

In Ireland, owing to the lower rates of wages and far greater—­in the remoter parts—­cheapness of provisions, large places can be maintained at considerably less cost, but they are usually far less well kept, partly owing to their being on an absurdly large scale as compared with the means of the proprietors, and partly from the slovenly habits of the country.  And in some cases people who could afford it will not spend the money.  There are, however, notable exceptions.  Powerscourt in Wicklow, the seat of Viscount Powerscourt, and Woodstock in Kilkenny, the beautiful demesne of Mr. Tighe, are probably in as perfect order as any seats in England.  A countryman was sent over to the latter one day with a message from another county.  “Well, Jerry,” said the master on his return, “what did you think of Woodstock?” “Shure, your honor,” was the reply, “I niver seed such a power of girls a-swaping up the leaves.”