diary of a resident of about 1850 would read like an old world record.  The watchman in the Minster Precincts still went his rounds at night and called out the time and the weather; sedan-chairs were in use; the corn-market of the neighbourhood was held in the open street; turnpikes took toll at every road out of the town; a weekly paper had only just been started on a humble scale, being at first little more than a railway time-table with a few items of local news at the back; a couple of rooms more than sufficed for the business of the post office.

In 1874 a charter of incorporation was granted, not without some opposition; it had been, up to that time, the only city in England without a mayor, except Ely and Westminster.

An account of the church which is now the cathedral church of a diocese that was only constituted in 1541, must of necessity trace its history for some centuries before it attained its present dignity, and when it was simply the church of an abbey.  Three centuries and a half of cathedral dignity have not made its old name of Minster obsolete; it is indeed the term usually employed.[2]

The village was first known by the name of Medeshamstede, the homestead in the meadows.  There is no evidence that any houses were built at all before the foundation of the monastery.  There was probably not a single habitation on the spot before the rising walls of the religious house made dwelling-places for the workmen a necessity.  As time went on the requirements of the inmates brought together a population, which for centuries had no interests unconnected with the abbey.  The establishment of the monastery is due to the conversion of the royal family to Christianity.  It was in the middle of the seventh century when Penda was King of the Mercians, and his children, three sons, Peada, Wulfere, and Ethelred, and two daughters, Kyneburga, and Kyneswitha, became converted to the Christian faith.  On succeeding to the throne, Peada the eldest son, founded this monastery of Medeshamstede.  The first Abbot, Saxulf, had been in a high position at court; he is described as an earl (comes); and most likely had the practical duty of building and organising the monastery, as he is called by Bede the builder of the place as well as first Abbot (Constructor et abbas).  This was in the year 654 or 655 (for the date is given differently by different authorities), and Peada only lived two or three years afterwards.  His brothers in turn came to the throne, and both helped to enrich the rising foundation.  The elder of the two, however, had lapsed from Christianity, and killed his own two sons in his rage at finding they had become Christians; but afterwards stung with remorse he confessed his offence to S. Chad, who had brought the princes to the knowledge of Christ, and offered to expiate it in any way he was directed.  He was bidden to restore the Christian Religion, to repair the ruined churches, and to found new ones.  The whole story is told with great particularity by the chronicler, and it was represented in stained glass in the cloisters of the abbey, as described hereafter.