[59] The words “one thousand” do not appear in the Madrid copy, having probably, in the course of time, been worn off (as have other words or letters) from the edges of the paper.

[60] Now Panaon; separated from Leyte (here called Baybay) by Panaon Strait.  Tandaya was the early name of Samar Island, which is separated from Leyte by San Juanico Strait.  Mazoga is the same as Massava of other early writers; it is now Limasaua Island.

[61] The estado was equivalent to 1.85472 English yards, having nearly the same value as the braza.

[62] Probably the sibucao (Caesalpina sapan); its wood produces a red coloring-matter which is highly valued, especially by the Chinese.  Some varieties of it are more highly esteemed than are those produced in Brazil.  These “Brazil” Islands are apparently the small groups north of Luzon, now known as Batanes and Babuyanes.

[63] An archivist’s marginal note on the Sevilla MS. reads:  “Doubtless this should be Bassilani”—­which is the modern Basilan, an island southwest of Mindanao.

[64] Regarding piracy in the Philippines, see Barrantes’s Guerras piraticas de Filipinas (Madrid, 1878); and Montero y Vidal’s Historia de la pirateria en Mindanao, Jolo y Borneo (Madrid, 1888).

[65] A term (imported from America, and from the Nahuatl language) applied to several species of Calamus:  the rattan—­a plant of great use to the natives for many purposes.

[66] Compare the custom among the Norse vikings—­a warrior, at the approach of death from natural causes, embarking alone in his vessel, floating out to sea, and setting it afire, that he might perish with it.

[67] The table for Spanish measures of length:  12 puntos = 1 linea; 12 lineas = 1 pulgada; 6 pulgadas = 1 sesma; 2 sesmas = 1 pie (the foot, = 11.128 U. S. inches); 3 pies = 1 vara; 4 varas = 1 estadal.  Also, 9 lineas = 1 dedo; 12 dedos = 1 palma.  The legua of 8,000 varas equals 4.2151 United States miles.

[68] Camote: the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas.)

[69] An interesting reference to one of the earliest and most characteristic industries among the natives of the Philippines.  The “wild banana” is the abaca (Musa textilis); its product (made from the fibers of the leaves) is commonly known as “Manila hemp,” and is one of the chief exports from the islands.  Two kinds of cloth are now made by the natives from the abaca, called sinamay and tinampipi; in making them, they use only primitive handlooms.  See Zuniga’s description of this manufacture, in Estadismo (Retana’s edition), vol. ii, pp. 41, 42:  cf. pp. 94, 95, where he praises the cotton cloths made in the Philippines.