in his marriage service of 1549, stated that “mutual help and comfort,” as well as procreation, enter into the object of marriage (Wickham Legg, Ecclesiological Essays, p. 204; Howard, Matrimonial Institutions, vol. i, p. 398).  Modern theologians speak still more distinctly.  “The sexual act,” says Northcote (Christianity and Sex Problems, p. 55), “is a love act.  Duly regulated, it conduces to the ethical welfare of the individual and promotes his efficiency as a social unit.  The act itself and its surrounding emotions stimulate within the organism the powerful movements of a vast psychic life.”  At an earlier period also, Schleiermacher, in his Letters on Lucinde, had pointed out the great significance of love for the spiritual development of the individual.

Edward Carpenter truly remarks, in Love’s Coming of Age, that sexual love is not only needed for physical creation, but also for spiritual creation.  Bloch, again, in discussing this question (The Sexual Life of Our Time, Ch.  VI) concludes that “love and the sexual embrace have not only an end in procreation, they constitute an end in themselves, and are necessary for the life, development, and inner growth of the individual himself.”

It is argued by some, who admit mutual love as a constituent part of marriage, that such love, once recognized at the outset, may be taken for granted, and requires no further discussion; there is, they believe, no art of love to be either learnt or taught; it comes by nature.  Nothing could be further from the truth, most of all as regards civilized man.  Even the elementary fact of coitus needs to be taught.  No one could take a more austerely Puritanic view of sexual affairs than Sir James Paget, and yet Paget (in his lecture on “Sexual Hypochondriasis”) declared that “Ignorance about sexual affairs seems to be a notable characteristic of the more civilized part of the human race.  Among ourselves it is certain that the method of copulating needs to be taught, and that they to whom it is not taught remain quite ignorant about it.”  Gallard, again, remarks similarly (in his Clinique des Maladies des Femmes) that young people, like Daphnis in Longus’s pastoral, need a beautiful Lycenion to give them a solid education, practical as well as theoretical, in these matters, and he considers that mothers should instruct their daughters at marriage, and fathers their sons.  Philosophers have from time to time recognized the gravity of these questions and have discoursed concerning them; thus Epicurus, as Plutarch tells us,[375] would discuss with his disciples various sexual matters, such as the proper time for coitus; but then, as now, there were obscurantists who would leave even the central facts of life to the hazards of chance or ignorance, and these presumed to blame the philosopher.

There is, however, much more to be learnt in these matters than the mere elementary facts of sexual intercourse.  The art of love certainly includes such primary facts of sexual hygiene, but it involves also the whole erotic discipline of marriage, and that is why its significance is so great, for the welfare and happiness of the individual, for the stability of sexual unions, and indirectly for the race, since the art of love is ultimately the art of attaining the right conditions for procreation.