[274] Herodotus, Bk. i, Ch.  CLXXIII.

[275] That power and relationship are entirely distinct was pointed out many years ago by L. von Dargun, Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht, 1892.  Westermarck (Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, vol. i, p. 655), who is inclined to think that Steinmetz has not proved conclusively that mother-descent involves less authority of husband over wife, makes the important qualification that the husband’s authority is impaired when he lives among his wife’s kinsfolk.

[276] Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia; J.G.  Frazer has pointed out (Academy, March 27, 1886) that the partially Semitic peoples on the North frontier of Abyssinia, not subjected to the revolutionary processes of Islam, preserve a system closely resembling beena marriage, as well as some traces of the opposite system, by Robertson Smith called ba’al marriage, in which the wife is acquired by purchase and becomes a piece of property.

[277] Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 358.

[278] Rhys and Brynmor-Jones, The Welsh People, pp. 55-6; cf.  Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 93.

[279] Rhys and Brynmor-Jones, op. cit., p. 214.

[280] Crawley (The Mystic Rose, p. 41 et seq.) gives numerous instances.

[281] Revillout, “La Femme dans l’Antiquite,” Journal Asiatique, 1906, vol. vii, p. 57.  See, also, Victor Marx, Beitraege zur Assyriologie, 1899, Bd. iv, Heft 1.

[282] Donaldson, Woman, pp. 196, 241 et seq.  Nietzold, (Die Ehe in “Agypten,” p. 17), thinks the statement of Diodorus that no children were illegitimate, needs qualification, but that certainly the illegitimate child in Egypt was at no social disadvantage.

[283] Amelineau, La Morale Egyptienne, p. 194; Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution, vol. i, p. 187; Flinders Petrie, Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt, pp. 131 et seq.

[284] Maine, Ancient Law, Ch.  V.

[285] Donaldson, Woman, pp. 109, 120.

[286] Mercator, iv, 5.

[287] Digest XLVIII, 13, 5.

[288] Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution, vol. i, p. 213.

[289] For an account of the work of some of the less known of these pioneers, see a series of articles by Harriet McIlquham in the Westminster Review, especially Nov., 1898, and Nov., 1903.

[290] The influence of Christianity on the position of women has been well discussed by Lecky, History of European Morals, vol. ii, pp. 316 et seq., and more recently by Donaldson, Woman, Bk. iii.

[291] Migne, Patrologia, vol. clviii, p. 680.

[292] Rosa Mayreder, “Einiges ueber die Starke Faust,” Zur Kritik der Weiblichkeit, 1905.

[293] Rasmussen (People of the Polar North, p. 56), describes a ferocious quarrel between husband and wife, who each in turn knocked the other down.  “Somewhat later, when I peeped in, they were lying affectionately asleep, with their arms around each other.”