give them the white man’s kiss.  Their own kiss the Chinese regard as exclusively voluptuous; it is only befitting as between lovers, and not only do fathers refrain from kissing their children except when very young, but even the mothers only give their children a rare and furtive kiss.  Among some of the hill-tribes of south-east India the olfactory kiss is found, the nose being applied to the cheek during salutation with a strong inhalation; instead of saying “Kiss me,” they here say “Smell me.”  The Tamils, I am told by a medical correspondent in Ceylon, do not kiss during coitus, but rub noses and also lick each other’s mouth and tongue.  The olfactory kiss is known in Africa; thus, on the Gambia in inland Africa when a man salutes a woman he takes her hand and places it to his nose, twice smelling the back of it.  Among the Jekris of the Niger coast mothers rub their babies with their cheeks or mouths, but they do not kiss them, nor do lovers kiss, though they squeeze, cuddle, and embrace.[213] Among the Swahilis a smell kiss exists, and very young boys are taught to raise their clothes before women visitors, who thereupon playfully smell the penis; the child who does this is said to “give tobacco."[214] Kissing of any kind appears to be unknown to the Indians throughout a large part of America:  Im Thurn states that it is unknown to the Indians of Guiana, and at the other end of South America Hyades and Deniker state that it is unknown to the Fuegians.  In Forth America the olfactory kiss is known to the Eskimo, and has been noted among some Indian tribes, as the Blackfeet.  It is also known in Polynesia.  At Samoa kissing was smelling.[215] In New Zealand, also, the hongi, or nose-pressing, was the kiss of welcome, of mourning, and of sympathy.[216] In the Malay archipelago, it is said, the same word is used for “greeting” and “smelling.”  Among the Dyaks of the Malay archipelago, however, Vaughan Stevens states that any form of kissing is unknown.[217] In Borneo, Breitenstein tells us, kissing is a kind of smelling, the word for smelling being used, but he never himself saw a man kiss a woman; it is always done in private.[218]

The olfactory kiss is thus seen to have a much wider extension over the world than the European (or Mediterranean) tactile kiss.  In its most complete development, however, it is mainly found among the people of Mongolian race, or those yellow peoples more or less related to them.

The literature of the kiss is extensive.  So far, however, as that literature is known to me, the following list includes everything that may be profitably studied:  Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions; Ling Roth, “Salutations,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, November, 1889; K. Andree, “Nasengruss,” Ethnographische Parallelen, second series, 1889, pp. 223-227; Alfred Kirchhoff, “Vom Ursprung des Kuesses,” Deutsche Revue, May, 1895; Lombroso, “L’Origine du Baiser,” Nouvelle Revue, 1897, p. 153; Paul d’Enjoy, “Le Baiser en Europe et en Chine,” Bulletin de la Societe d’Anthropologie, Paris, 1897, fasc. 2.  Professor Nyrop’s book, The Kiss and its History (translated from the Danish by W.F.  Harvey), deals rather with the history of the kiss in civilization and literature than with its biological origins and psychological significance.