[141] Ploss and Bartels, loc. cit.; Deniker, Revue d’Anthropologie, January 15, 1889, and Races of Man, p. 93.

[142] Darwin.

[143] G.F.  Watts, “On Taste in Dress,” Nineteenth Century, 1883.

[144] From mediaeval times onwards there has been a tendency to treat the gluteal region with contempt, a tendency well marked in speech and custom among the lowest classes in Europe to-day, but not easily traceable in classic times.  Duehren (Das Geschlechtsleben in England, bd.  II, pp. 359 et seq.) brings forward quotations from aesthetic writers and others dealing with the beauty of this part of the body.

[145] Sonnini, Voyage, etc., vol. i, p. 308.

[146] Ploss and Bartels, Das Weib, bd. 1, Sec.  III; Mantegazza, Fisiologia della Donna, Chapter III.

[147] Bloch brings together various interesting quotations concerning the farthingale and the crinoline. (Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis, Teil I, p. 156.) He states that, like most other feminine fashions in dress, it was certainly invented by prostitutes.

[148] The racial variations in the form and character of the breasts are great, and there are considerable variations even among Europeans.  Even as regards the latter our knowledge is, however, still very vague and incomplete; there is here a fruitful field for the medical anthropologist.  Ploss and Bartels have brought together the existing data (Das Weib, bd.  I, Sec.  VIII).  Stratz also discusses the subject (Die Schoenheit das Weiblichen Koerpers, Chapter X).

[149] Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, vol. v, p. 28.

[150] These devices are dealt with and illustrations given by Ploss and Bartels, Das Weib (loc. cit.).

[151] See, e.g., Parerga und Paralipomena, bd.  I, p. 189, and bd. 2, p. 482.  Moll has also discussed this point (Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis, bd.  I, pp. 384 et seq.).

[152] Speaking of some South American tribes, he remarks (Travels, English translations, 1814, vol. iii. p. 236) that they “have as great an antipathy to the beard as the Eastern nations hold it in reverence.  This antipathy is derived from the same source as the predilection for flat foreheads, which is seen in so singular a manner in the statues of the Aztec heroes and divinities.  Nations attach the idea of beauty to everything which particularly characterizes their own physical conformation, their natural physiognomy.”  See also Westermarck, History of Marriage, p. 261.  Ripley (Races of Europe, pp. 49, 202) attaches much importance to the sexual selection founded on a tendency of this kind.

[153] “Differences of race are irreducible,” Abel Hermant remarks (Confession d’un Enfant d’Hier, p. 209), “and between two beings who love each other they cannot fail to produce exceptional and instructive reactions.  In the first superficial ebullition of love, indeed, nothing notable may be manifested, but in a fairly short time the two lovers, innately hostile, in striving to approach each other strike against an invisible partition which separates them.  Their sensibilities are divergent; everything in each shocks the other; even their anatomical conformation, even the language of their gestures; all is foreign.”