cause.  At about the age of 15 he began to realize that such acts might be considered morally bad and wrong, and this led to reticence and careful concealment.  Up to the age of 20 there were four definite attachments to persons of his own sex.  There was a tendency, sometimes, to regard women as possible whippers, and this became stronger at 22, the images of the two sexes then mingling in his thoughts of flagellation.  Latterly the mental accompaniments of masturbation have been less personal, lapsing into the mental picture of being whipped by an unknown and vague somebody.  When definite it has always been a man, and preferably of the type of a schoolmaster.  His desire has been for punishment by whips, canes, or birches, especially upon the buttocks.  He has always shrunk from the thought of the production of blood or bruises.  He wishes, in mental contemplation, for a punishment sufficiently severe to make him anxious to stop it, and yet not able to stop it.  He also takes pleasure in the idea of being tied up so as to be unable to move.

    He has at times indulged in self-whipping, of no great severity.

In the preceding case we see a tendency to erotic self-flagellation which in a minor degree is not uncommon.  Occasionally it becomes highly developed.  Max Marcuse has presented such a case in elaborate detail (Zeitschrift fuer die Gesamte Neurologie, 1912, ht. 3, fully summarized in Sexual-Probleme, Nov., 1912, pp. 815-820).  This is the case of a Catholic priest of highly neurotic heredity, who spontaneously began to whip himself at the age of 12, this self-flagellation being continued and accompanied by masturbation after the age of 15.  Other associated perversions were Narcissism and nates fetichism, as well as homosexual phantasies.  He experienced a certain pleasure (with erection, not ejaculation) in punishing his boy pupils.  It is not uncommon for all forms of erotic flagellation to be associated with a homosexual element.  I have elsewhere brought forward a case of this kind (the case of A.F., vol. ii of these Studies).

Significant is Rousseau’s account of the origin of his own masochistic pleasure in whipping at the age of 8:  “Mademoiselle Lambercier showed toward me a mother’s affection and also a mother’s authority, which she sometimes carried so far as to inflict on us the usual punishment of children when we had deserved it.  For a long time she was content with the threat, and that threat of a chastisement which for me was quite new seemed very terrible; but after it had been executed I found the experience less terrible than the expectation had been; and, strangely enough, this punishment increased my affection for her who had inflicted it.  It needed all my affection and all my natural gentleness to prevent me from seeking a renewal of the same treatment by deserving it, for I had found in the pain and even in the shame of it an element of sensuality which left