to be a man temporarily transformed into a wolf with blood-thirsty impulses. (See, e.g., articles “Werwolf” and “Lycanthropy” in Encyclopaedia Britannica.) France, especially, was infested with werwolves in the sixteenth century.  In 1603, however, it was decided at Bordeaux, in a trial involving a werwolf, that lycanthropy was only an insane delusion.  Dumas ("Les Loup-Garous,” Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique, May-June, 1907) argues that the medieval werwolves were sadists whose crimes were largely imaginative, though sometimes real, the predecessor of the modern Jack the Ripper.  The complex nature of the elements making up the belief in the werwolf is emphasized by Ernest Jones, Der Alptraum, 1912.

Related to the werwolf, but distinct, was the vampire, supposed to be a dead person who rose from the dead to suck the blood of the living during sleep.  By way of reprisal the living dug up, exorcised, and mutilated the supposed vampires.  This was called vampirism.  The name vampire was then transferred to the living person who had so treated a corpse.  All profanation of the corpse, whatever its origin, is now frequently called vampirism (Epaulow, Vampirisme, These de Lyon, 1901; id., “Le Vampire du Muy,” Archives d’Anthropologie Criminelle, Sept., 1903).  The earliest definite reference to necrophily is in Herodotus, who tells (bk. ii, ch. lxxxix) of an Egyptian who had connection with the corpse of a woman recently dead.  Epaulow gives various old cases and, at full length, the case which he himself investigated, of Ardisson, the “Vampire du Muy.”  W.A.F.  Browne also has an interesting article on “Necrophilism” (Journal of Mental Science, Jan., 1875) which he regards as atavistic.  When there is, in addition, mutilation of the corpse, the condition is termed necrosadism.  There seems usually to be no true sadism in either necrosadism or necrophilism. (See, however, Bloch, Beitraege, vol. ii, p. 284 et seq.)

It must be said also that cases of rape followed by murder are quite commonly not sadistic.  The type of such cases is represented by Soleilland, who raped and then murdered children.  He showed no sadistic perversion.  He merely killed to prevent discovery, as a burglar who is interrupted may commit murder in order to escape. (E.  Dupre, “L’Affaire Soleilland,” Archives d’Anthropologie Criminelle, Jan.-Feb., 1910.)

A careful and elaborate study of a completely developed sadist has been furnished by Lacassagne, Rousset, and Papillon ("L’Affaire Reidal,” Archives d’Anthropologie Criminelle, Oct.-Nov., 1907).  Reidal, a youth of 18, a seminarist, was a congenital sanguinary sadist who killed another youth and was finally sent to an asylum.  From the age of 4 he had voluptuous ideas connected with blood and killing, and liked to play at killing with other children.  He was of infantile physical development, with a