dem Seelenleben des Grafen Platen,” Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vols. i and vi.  Various kings and potentates have been mentioned in this connection, including the Sultan Baber; Henri III of France; Edward II, William II, James I, and William III of England, and perhaps Queen Anne and George III, Frederick the Great and his brother, Heinrich, Popes Paul II, Sixtus IV, and Julius II, Ludwig II of Bavaria, and others.  Kings, indeed, seem peculiarly inclined to homosexuality.

[68] Schultz, Das Hoefische Leben, Bd. i, ch. xiii.

[69] De Planctu Naturae has been translated by Douglas Moffat, Yale Studies in English, No. xxxvi, 1908.

[70] P. de l’Estoile, Memoires-Journaux, vol. ii, p. 326.

[71] Laborde, Le Palais Mazarin, p. 128.

[72] Thus she writes in 1701 (Correspondence, edited by Brunet, vol. i, p. 58):  “Our heroes take as their models Hercules, Theseus, Alexander, and Caesar, who all had their male favorites.  Those who give themselves up to this vice, while believing in Holy Scripture, imagine that it was only a sin when there were few people in the world, and that now the earth is populated it may be regarded as a divertissement.  Among the common people, indeed, accusations of this kind are, so far as possible, avoided; but among persons of quality it is publicly spoken of; it is considered a fine saying that since Sodom and Gomorrah, the Lord has punished no one for such offences.”

[73] Serieux and Libert, “La Bastille et ses Prisonniers,” L’Encephale, September, 1911.

[74] Witry, “Notes Historiques sur l’Homosexualite en France,” Revue de l’Hypnotisme, January, 1909.

[75] In early Teutonic days there was little or no trace of any punishment for homosexual practices in Germany.  This, according to Hermann Michaelis, only appeared after the Church had gained power among the West Goths; in the Breviarium of Alaric II (506), the sodomist was condemned to the stake, and later, in the seventh century, by an edict of King Chindasvinds, to castration.  The Frankish capitularies of Charlemange’s time adopted ecclesiastical penances.  In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries death by fire was ordained, and the punishments enacted by the German codes tended to become much more ferocious than that edicted by the Justinian code on which they were modelled.

[76] Raffalovich discusses German friendship, Uranisme et Unisexualite, pp. 157-9.  See also Birnbaum, Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen, Bd. viii, p. 611; he especially illustrates this kind of friendship by the correspondence of the poets Gleim and Jacobi, who used to each other the language of lovers, which, indeed, they constantly called themselves.

[77] This letter may be found in Ernst Schur’s Heinrich von Kleist in seinen Briefen, p. 295.  Dr. J. Sadger has written a pathographic and psychological study of Kleist, emphasizing the homosexual strain, in the Grenzfragen des Nerven- und Seelenlebens series.