[45] See L. von Scheffler, “Elagabal,” Jahrbuch f. sex.  Zwischenstufen, vol. iii, 1901; also Duviquet, Heliogabale (Mercure de France).

[46] The following note has been furnished to me:  “Balzac, in Une Derniere Incarnation de Vautrin, describes the morals of the French bagnes.  Dostoieffsky, in Prison-Life in Siberia, touches on the same subject.  See his portrait of Sirotkin, p. 52 et seq., p. 120 (edition J. and R. Maxwell, London).  We may compare Carlier, Les Deux Prostitutions, pp. 300-1, for an account of the violence of homosexual passions in French prisons.  The initiated are familiar with the fact in English prisons.  Bouchard, in his Confessions, Paris, Liseux, 1881, describes the convict station at Marseilles in 1630.”  Homosexuality among French recidivists at Saint-Jean-du-Maroni in French Guiana has been described by Dr. Cazanova, Arch. d’Anth.  Crim., January, 1906, p. 44.  See also Davitt’s Leaves from a Prison Diary, and Berkman’s Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist; also Rebierre, Joyeux et Demifous, 1909.

[47] D. McMurtrie, Chicago Medical Recorder, January, 1914.

[48] See Appendix A:  “Homosexuality among Tramps,” by “Josiah Flynt.”

[49] Inferno, xv.  The place of homosexuality in the Divine Comedy itself has been briefly studied by Undine Freuen von Verschuer, Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen, Bd. viii, 1906.

[50] Hirschfeld and others have pointed out, very truly, that inverts are less prone than normal persons to regard caste and social position.  This innately democratic attitude renders it easier for them than for ordinary people to rise to what Cyples has called the “ecstasy of humanity,” the emotional attitude, that is to say, of those rare souls of whom it may be said, in the same writer’s words, that “beggars’ rags to their unhesitating lips grew fit for kissing because humanity had touched the garb.”  Edward Carpenter (Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk, p. 83) remarks that great ethical leaders have often exhibited feminine traits, and adds:  “It becomes easy to suppose of those early figures—­who once probably were men—­those Apollos, Buddhas, Dionysus, Osiris, and so forth—­to suppose that they too were somewhat bisexual in temperament, and that it was really largely owing to that fact that they were endowed with far-reaching powers and became leaders of mankind.”

[51] English translation, Primitive Folk, in Contemporary Science series.

[52] R. Horneffer, Der Priester, 2 vols., 1912.  J.G.  Frazer, in the volume entitled “Adonis, Attis, Osiris” (pp. 428-435) of the third edition of his Golden Bough, discusses priests dressed as women, and finds various reasons for the custom.

[53] Edward Carpenter, Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk, 1914.

[54] Westermarck, Origin and Development of Moral Ideas, vol. ii, ch. xliii.