[253] See, especially, Sadger, Zeitschrift fuer Sexualwissenschaft, Heft 12, 1908; also Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. ix, 1908; Sadger’s methods are criticised by Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualitaet, ch. xxii, and defended by Sadger, Internationale Zeitschrift fuer Aerztliche Psychoanalyse, July, 1914, p. 392.  For a discussion of the psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality by a leading American Freudian, see Brill, Journal American Medical Association, Aug. 2, 1913.

[254] Internationale Zeitschrift fuer Aerztliche Psychoanalyse, March, 1914.

[255] This is now generally recognized.  See, e.g., Roubinovitch and Borel, “Un Cas d’Uranisme,” L’Encephale, Aug., 1913.  These authors conclude that it is today impossible to look upon inversion as the equivalent or the symptom of a psychopathic state, though we have to recognize that it frequently coexists with morbid emotional states.  Naecke, also, in his extensive experience, found that homosexuality is rare in asylums and slight in character; he dealt with this question on various occasions; see, e.g., Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. viii, 1906.

[256] Krafft-Ebing considered that the temporary or lasting association of homosexuality with neurasthenia having its root in congenital conditions is “almost invariable,” and some authorities (like Meynert) have regarded inversion as an accidental growth on the foundation of neurasthenia.

[257] Fere expressed himself concerning the general treatment of homosexuality in the same sense, and even more emphatically (Fere, L’Instinct Sexuel, 1899, pp. 272, 286).  He considers that all forms of congenital inversion resist treatment, and that, since a change in the invert’s instincts must be regarded rather as a perversion of the invert than a cure of the inversion, one may be permitted to doubt not only the utility of the treatment, but even the legitimacy of attempting it.  The treatment of sexual inversion, he declared, is as much outside the province of medicine as the restoration of color-vision in the color-blind.  The ideal which the physician and the teacher must place before the invert is that of chastity; he must seek to harness his wagon to a star.

[258] I have been told by a distinguished physician, who was consulted in the case, of a congenital invert highly placed in the English government service, who married in the hope of escaping his perversion, and was not even able to consummate the marriage.  It is needless to insist on the misery which is created in such cases.  It is not, of course, denied that such marriages may not sometimes become eventually happy.  Thus Kiernan ("Psychical Treatment of Congenital Sexual Inversion,” Review of Insanity and Nervous Diseases, June, 1894) reports the case of a thoroughly inverted girl who married the brother of the friend to whom she was previously attached