intellectual ability, now dead, was attached to the wife of a clergyman, who, in full cognizance of all the facts of the case, privately married the two ladies in his own church.

When they still retain female garments, these usually show some traits of masculine simplicity, and there is nearly always a disdain for the petty feminine artifices of the toilet.  Even when this is not obvious, there are all sorts of instinctive gestures and habits which may suggest to female acquaintances the remark that such a person “ought to have been a man.”  The brusque, energetic movements, the attitude of the arms, the direct speech, the inflexions of the voice, the masculine straightforwardness and sense of honor, and especially the attitude toward men, free from any suggestion either of shyness or audacity, will often suggest the underlying psychic abnormality to a keen observer.

In the habits not only is there frequently a pronounced taste for smoking cigarettes, often found in quite feminine women, but also a decided taste and toleration for cigars.  There is also a dislike and sometimes incapacity for needlework and other domestic occupations, while there is often some capacity for athletics.

As regards the general bearing of the inverted woman, in its most marked and undisguised form, I may quote an admirable description by Prof.  Zuccarelli, of Naples, of an unmarried middle-class woman of 35:  “While retaining feminine garments, her bearing is as nearly as possible a man’s.  She wears her thin hair thrown carelessly back alla Umberto, and fastened in a simple knot at the back of her head.  The breasts are little developed, and compressed beneath a high corset; her gown is narrow without the expansion demanded by fashion.  Her straw hat with broad plaits is perhaps adorned by a feather, or she wears a small hat like a boy’s.  She does not carry an umbrella or sunshade, and walks out alone, refusing the company of men; or she is accompanied by a woman, as she prefers, offering her arm and carrying the other hand at her waist, with the air of a fine gentleman.  In a carriage her bearing is peculiar and unlike that habitual with women.  Seated in the middle of the double seat, her knees being crossed or else the legs well separated, with a virile air and careless easy movements she turns her head in every direction, finding an acquaintance here and there with her eye, saluting men and women with a large gesture of the hand as a business man would.  In conversation her pose is similar; she gesticulates much, is vivacious in speech, with much power of mimicry, and while talking she arches the inner angles of her eyebrow, making vertical wrinkles at the center of her forehead.  Her laugh is open and explosive and uncovers her white rows of teeth.  With men she is on terms of careless equality.” ("Inversione congenita dell’istinto sessuale in una donna,” L’Anomalo, February, 1889.)

“The inverted woman,” Hirschfeld