time in the French army, then emigrated to Spain, at the age of 35, and contrived to enter the Madrid police force disguised as a man.  She married there and pretended that her wife’s child was her own son.  She removed to Seville, still serving as a policeman, and was engaged there as cook and orderly at the governor’s palace.  She served seven successive governors.  In consequence of the discovery of her sex she has been discharged from the police without the pension due to her; her wife had died two years previously, and “Fernando” spent all she possessed on the woman’s funeral.  Mackenzie had a soft voice, a refined face with delicate features, and was neatly dressed in male attire.  When asked how she escaped detection so long, she replied that she always lived quietly in her own house with her wife and did her duty by her employers so that no one meddled with her.

In Chicago in 1906 much attention was attracted to the case of “Nicholai de Raylan,” confidential secretary to the Russian Consul, who at death (of tuberculosis) at the age of 33 was found to be a woman.  She was born in Russia and was in many respects very feminine, small and slight in build, but was regarded as a man, and even as very “manly,” by both men and women who knew her intimately.  She was always very neat in dress, fastidious in regard to shirts and ties, and wore a long-waisted coat to disguise the lines of her figure.  She was married twice in America, being divorced by the first wife, after a union lasting ten years, on the ground of cruelty and misconduct with chorus girls.  The second wife, a chorus girl who had been previously married and had a child, was devoted to her “husband.”  Both wives were firmly convinced that their husband was a man and ridiculed the idea that “he” could be a woman.  I am informed that De Raylan wore a very elaborately constructed artificial penis.  In her will she made careful arrangements to prevent detection of sex after death, but these were frustrated, as she died in a hospital.

In St. Louis, in 1909, the case was brought forward of a young woman of 22, who had posed as a man for nine years.  Her masculine career began at the age of 13 after the Galveston flood which swept away all her family.  She was saved and left Texas dressed as a boy.  She worked in livery stables, in a plough factory, and as a bill-poster.  At one time she was the adopted son of the family in which she lived and had no difficulty in deceiving her sisters by adoption as to her sex.  On coming to St. Louis in 1902 she made chairs and baskets at the American Rattan Works, associating with fellow-workmen on a footing of masculine equality.  One day a workman noticed the extreme smallness and dexterity of her hands.  “Gee, Bill, you should have been a girl.”  “How do you know I’m not?” she retorted.  In such ways her ready wit and good humor always, disarmed suspicion as to her sex.  She shunned no difficulties in her work or in her sports, we are told, and