and commands him to drive away the flies while she sleeps.  Strange to say, the men are represented as more modest than the women.  When two maidens prepared a bath for Parzival, and proposed to bathe him, according to custom, the inexperienced young knight was shy, and would not enter the bath until they had gone; on another occasion, he jumped quickly into bed when the maidens entered the room.  When Wolfdieterich was about to undress, he had to ask the ladies who pressed around him to leave him alone for a short time, as he was ashamed they should see him naked.  When Amphons of Spain, bewitched by his step-mother into a were-wolf, was at last restored, and stood suddenly naked before her, he was greatly ashamed.  The maiden who healed Iwein was tender of his modesty.  In his love-madness, the hero wanders for a time naked through the wood; three women find him asleep, and send a waiting-maid to annoint him with salve; when he came to himself, the maiden hid herself.  On the whole, however, the ladies were not so delicate; they had no hesitation in bathing with gentlemen, and on these occasions would put their finest ornaments on their heads.  I know no pictures of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries representing such a scene, but such baths in common are clearly represented in miniatures of the fifteenth century.” (A.  Schultz, Das Hoefische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesaenger, vol. i, p. 225.)

“In the years 1450-70, the use of the cod-piece was introduced, whereby the attributes of manhood were accentuated in the most shameless manner.  It was, in fact, the avowed aim at that period to attract attention to these parts.  The cod-piece was sometimes colored differently from the rest of the garments, often stuffed out to enlarge it artificially, and decorated with ribbons.”  (Rudeck, Geschichte der oeffentlichen Sittlichkeit in Deutschland, pp. 45-48; Dufour, Histoire de la Prostitution, vol. vi, pp. 21-23.  Groos refers to the significance of this fashion, Spiele der Menschen, p. 337.)

“The first shirt began to be worn [in Germany] in the sixteenth century.  From this fact, as well as from the custom of public bathing, we reach the remarkable result, that for the German people, the sight of complete nakedness was the daily rule up to the sixteenth century.  Everyone undressed completely before going to bed, and, in the vapor-baths, no covering was used.  Again, the dances, both of the peasants and the townspeople, were characterized by very high leaps into the air.  It was the chief delight of the dancers for the male to raise his partner as high as possible in the air, so that her dress flew up.  That feminine modesty was in this respect very indifferent, we know from countless references made in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.  It must not be forgotten that throughout the middle ages women wore no underclothes, and even in the seventeenth century, the wearing of drawers by Italian women was regarded