or else the organic stress, with or without dreams, serves to awaken the sleeper before any emission has occurred.  But this stage is not easily or completely attained.  St. Augustine, even at the period when he wrote his Confessions, mentions, as a matter of course, that sexual dreams “not merely arouse pleasure, but gain the consent of the will.” (X. 41.) Not infrequently there is a struggle in sleep, just as the hypnotic subject may resist suggestions; thus, a lady of thirty-five dreamed a sexual dream, and awoke without excitement; again she fell asleep, and had another dream of sexual character, but resisted the tendency to excitement, and again awoke; finally, she fell asleep and had a third sexual dream, which was this time accompanied by the orgasm. (This has recently been described also by Naecke, who terms it pollutio interrupta, Neurologisches Centralblatt, Oct. 16, 1909; the corresponding voluntary process in the waking state is described by Rohleder and termed masturbatio interrupta, Zeitschrift fuer Sexualwissenschaft, Aug., 1908.) The factors involved in the acquirement of vesical and sexual control during sleep are the same, but the conditions are somewhat different.

There is a very intimate connection between the vesical and the sexual spheres, as I have elsewhere pointed out (see e.g. in the third volume of these Studies, “Analysis of the Sexual Impulse").  This connection is psychic as well as organic.  Both in men and women, a full bladder tends to develop erotic dreams.  (See e.g.  K.A.  Scherner, Das Leben des Traums, 1861, pp. 187 et seq.; Spitta also points out the connection between vesical and erotic dreams, Die Schlaf und Traumzustaende, 2d ed., 1882, pp. 250 et seq.) Raymond and Janet state (Les Obscessions, vol. ii, p. 135) that nocturnal incontinence of urine, accompanied by dreams of urination, may be replaced at puberty by masturbation.  In the reverse direction, Freud believes (Monatsschrift fuer Psychiatrie, Bd.  XVIII, p. 433) that masturbation plays a large part in causing the bed-wetting of children who have passed the age when that usually ceases, and he even finds that children are themselves aware of the connection.

The diagnostic value of sexual dreams, as an indication of the sexual nature of the subject when awake, has been emphasized by various writers. (E.g., Moll, Die Kontraere Sexualempfindung, Ch.  IX; Naecke, “Der Traum als feinstes Reagens fuer die Art des sexuellen Empfindens,” Monatsschrift fuer Kriminalpsychologie, 1905, p. 500.) Sexual dreams tend to reproduce, and even to accentuate, those characteristics which make the strongest sexual appeal to the subject when awake.

At the same time, this general statement has to be qualified, more especially as regards inverted dreams.  In the first place, a young man, however normal, who is not familiar with the feminine