in speaking of immoral vices.  In this connection a man and his wife will speak freely to one another before their friends.  I am informed, though, by European traders well conversant with the language, that there are grades of language, and that certain coarse phrases would never be used to any decent woman; so that probably, in their way, they have much modesty, only we cannot appreciate it.” (J.  Stanley Gardiner, “The Natives of Rotuma,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, May, 1898, p. 481.)

The men of Rotuma, says the same writer, are very clean, the women also, bathing twice a day in the sea; but “bathing in public without the kukuluga, or sulu [loin-cloth, which is the ordinary dress], around the waist is absolutely unheard of, and would be much looked down upon.” (Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1898, p. 410.)

In ancient Samoa the only necessary garment for either man or woman was an apron of leaves, but they possessed so “delicate a sense of propriety” that even “while bathing they have a girdle of leaves or some other covering around the waist.” (Turner, Samoa a Hundred Years Ago, p. 121.)

After babyhood the Indians of Guiana are never seen naked.  When they change their single garment they retire.  The women wear a little apron, now generally made of European beads, but the Warraus still make it of the inner bark of a tree, and some of seeds. (Everard im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana, 1883.)

The Mandurucu women of Brazil, according to Tocantins (quoted by Mantegazza), are completely naked, but they are careful to avoid any postures which might be considered indecorous, and they do this so skilfully that it is impossible to tell when they have their menstrual periods. (Mantegazza, Fisiologia della Donna, cap 9.)

The Indians of Central Brazil have no “private parts.”  In men the little girdle, or string, surrounding the lower part of the abdomen, hides nothing; it is worn after puberty, the penis being often raised and placed beneath it to lengthen the prepuce.  The women also use a little strip of bast that goes down the groin and passes between the thighs.  Among some tribes (Karibs, Tupis, Nu-Arwaks) a little, triangular, coquettishly-made piece of bark-bast comes just below the mons veneris; it is only a few centimetres in width, and is called the uluri.  In both sexes concealment of the sexual mucous membrane is attained.  These articles cannot be called clothing.  “The red thread of the Trumai, the elegant uluri, and the variegated flag of the Bororo attract attention, like ornaments, instead of drawing attention away.”  Von den Steinen thinks this proceeding a necessary protection against the attacks of insects, which are often serious in Brazil.  He does think, however, that there is more than this, and that the people