In a third table he gives the annual consumption of the following India goods, and the lowest prices at which they used to be sold, when procured from Turkey or Lisbon, before England traded directly to India.  There was consumed of pepper, 400,000 lbs., which used to be sold at three shillings and sixpence per lb.; of cloves, 40,000, at eight shillings; of mace, 20,000, at nine shillings; of nutmegs, 160,000, at four shillings and sixpence; and of indigo, 150,000, at seven shillings.  The result is, that when England paid the lowest ancient prices, it cost her 183,500_l_. for these commodities; whereas, at the common modern prices, it costs her only 108,333_l_.  The actual saving therefore to the people of England, was not near so great as might have been expected, or as it ought to have been, from a comparison of the prices at Aleppo and in India.

There are some other particulars in Mr. Munn’s Treatise relating to the European Trade to the East at this period, which we shall select.  Speaking of the exportation of bullion to India, he says that the Turks sent annually 500,000_l_. merely for Persian raw silk; and 600,000_l_. more for calicoes, drugs, sugar, rice, &c.:  their maritime commerce was carried on from Mocha; their inland trade from Aleppo and Constantinople.  They exported very little merchandize to Persia or India.  Marseilles supplied Turkey with a considerable part of the bullion and money which the latter used in her trade with the East,—­sending annually to Aleppo and Alexandria, at least 500,000_l_. and little or no merchandize.  Venice sent about 400,000_l_. and a great value in wares besides.  Messina about 25,000_l_., and the low countries about 50,000_l_., besides great quantities of gold and dollars from Germany, Poland, Hungary, &c.  With these sums were purchased either native Turkish produce and manufactures, or such goods as Turkey obtained from Persia and other parts of the East:  the principal were camblets, grograms, raw silk, cotton wool and yarn, galls, flax, hemp, rice, hides, sheeps’ wool, wax, corn, &c.  England, according to Mr. Munn, did not employ much bullion, either in her Turkey or her India trade; in the former she exported vast quantities of broad cloth, tin, &c. enough to purchase nearly all the wares she wanted in Turkey, besides three hundred great bales of Persian raw silk annually.  In the course of nineteen years, viz. from their establishment in 1601 to 1620, the East India Company had exported, in woollen cloths, tin, lead, and other English and foreign wares, at an average of 15,383_l_. per annum, and in the whole, 292,286_l_.  During the same period they had exported 548,090_l_. in Spanish silver.  The East India Company employed in 1621, according to this author, 10,000 tons of shipping, 2500 mariners, 500 ship carpenters, and 120 factors.  The principal places to which, at this period, we re-exported Indian goods, were Turkey, Genoa, Marseilles, the Netherlands, &c.; the re-exportations were calculated to employ 2000 more tons of shipping, and 500 more mariners.