flounders and dabs being the two species most often caught by anglers.  The bream (Pagellus centrodontus) is another bottom-feeder which resembles the fresh-water bream both in appearance and habits.  It is an early morning or rather a nocturnal fish, and grows to a weight of 3 lb or 4 lb.  Occasionally it will feed in mid-water or even close to the surface.  The conger eel (Conger vulgaris) is another night-feeder, which gives fine sport, as it grows to a great size, and is very powerful.  Strong tackle is essential for conger fishing, as so powerful an opponent in the darkness cannot be given any law.  The bait must be on or near the bottom.  There are, of course, many other fish which come to the angler’s rod at times, but the list given is fairly complete as representing the species which are especially sought.  Beside them are occasional (in some waters too frequent) captures such as dog-fish and sharks, skates and rays.  Many of them run to a great size and give plenty of sport on a rod, though they are not as a rule welcomed.  Lastly, it must be mentioned that certain of the Salmonidae, smelts (Osmerus eperlanus), sea-trout, occasionally brown trout, and still more occasionally salmon can be caught in salt water either in sea-lochs or at the mouths of rivers.  Smelts are best fished for with tiny hooks tied on fine gut and baited with fragments of shrimp, ragworm, and other delicacies.

[v.02 p.0031]

MODERN AUTHORITIES AND REFERENCE BOOKS.—­History and Literature: Prof.  A.N.  Mayer, Sport with Gun and Rod (New York and Edinburgh), with a chapter on “The Primitive Fish-Hook,” by Barnet Phillips; Dr.R.  Munro, Lake Dwellings of Europe (London, 1890), with many illustrations and descriptions of early fish-books, &c.; H. Cholmondeley Pennell and others, Fishing Gossip (Edinburgh, 1866), contains a paper on “Fishing and Fish-Hooks of the Earliest Date,” by Jonathan Couch; C.D.  Badham, Prose Halieutics (London, 1854), full of curious lore, relating, however, more to ichthyophagy than angling; The Angler’s Note-Book and Naturalist’s Record (London, 1st series 1881, 2nd series 1888), edited by T. Satchell, the two volumes containing much valuable matter on angling history, literature, and other topics; R. Blakey, Angling Literature (London, 1856), inaccurate and badly arranged, but containing a good deal of curious matter not to be found elsewhere; O. Lambert, Angling Literature in England (London, 1881), a good little general survey; J.J.  Manley, Fish and Fishing (London, 1881), with chapters on fishing literature, &c.; R.B.  Marston, Walton and Some Earlier Writers on Fish and Fishing (London and New York, 1894); Piscatorial Society’s Papers (vol. i.  London, 1890), contains a paper on “The Useful and Fine Arts in their Relation to Fish and Fishing,” by S.C.  Harding; Super Flumina (Anon.; London, 1904), gives passim useful information on fishing literature; T. Westwood and T. Satchell, Bibliotheca Piscatoria (London, 1883) an admirable bibliography of the sport:  together with the supplement prepared by R.B.  Marston, 1901, it may be considered wonderfully complete.