azobenzene results, while arsenic acid produces the violet-colouring matter violaniline.  Chromic acid converts it into quinone, while chlorates, in the presence of certain metallic salts (especially of vanadium), give aniline black.  Hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate give chloranil.  Potassium permanganate in neutral solution oxidizes it to nitrobenzene, in alkaline solution to azobenzene, ammonia and oxalic acid, in acid solution to aniline black.  Hypochlorous acid gives para-amino phenol and para-amino diphenylamine (E.  Bamberger, Ber., 1898, 31, p. 1522).

The great commercial value of aniline is due to the readiness with which it yields, directly or indirectly, valuable dyestuffs.  The discovery of mauve in 1858 by Sir W.H.  Perkin was the first of a series of dyestuffs which are now to be numbered by hundreds.  Reference should be made to the articles DYEING, FUCHSINE, SAFRANINE, INDULINES, for more details on this subject.  In addition to dyestuffs, it is a starting-product for the manufacture of many drugs, such as antipyrine, antifebrin, &c.  Aniline is manufactured by reducing nitrobenzene with iron and hydrochloric acid and steam-distilling the product.  The purity of the product depends upon the quality of the benzene from which the nitrobenzene was prepared.  In commerce three brands of aniline are distinguished—­aniline oil for blue, which is pure aniline; aniline oil for red, a mixture of equimolecular quantities of aniline and ortho- and para-toluidines; and aniline oil for safranine, which contains aniline and ortho-toluidine, and is obtained from the distillate (echappes) of the fuchsine fusion.  Monomethyl and dimethyl aniline are colourless liquids prepared by heating aniline, aniline hydro-chloride and methyl alcohol in an autoclave at 220 deg..  They are of great importance in the colour industry.  Monomethyl aniline boils at 193-195 deg.; dimethyl aniline at 192 deg..

ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul), a term first used as a noun or adjective to denote a living thing, but now used to designate one branch of living things as opposed to the other branch known as plants.  Until the discovery of protoplasm, and the series of investigations by which it was established that the cell was a fundamental structure essentially alike in both animals and plants (see CYTOLOGY), there was a vague belief that plants, if they could really be regarded as animated creatures, exhibited at the most a lower grade of life.  We know now that in so far as life and living matter can be investigated by science, animals and plants cannot be described as being alive in different degrees.  Animals and plants are extremely closely related organisms, alike in their fundamental characters, and each grading into organisms which possess some of the characters of both classes or kingdoms (see PROTISTA).  The actual boundaries between animals and plants are artificial; they are rather due to the ingenious analysis of the