AUTHORITIES.—­E. de Vasconcellos, As Colonias Portuguesas (Lisbon, 1896-1897); J.J.  Monteiro, Angola and the River Congo (2 vols.  London, 1875); Viscount de Paiva Manso, Historia do Congo....  (Documentos) (Lisbon, 1877); A Report of the Kingdom of Congo (London, 1881), an English translation, with notes by Margarite Hutchinson, of Filippo Pigafetta’s Relatione del Reame di Congo (Rome, 1591), a book founded on the statements and writings of Duarte Lopez; Rev. Thos.  Lewis, “The Ancient Kingdom of Kongo” in Geographical Journal, vol. xix. and vol. xxxi. (London, 1902 and 1908); The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battell of Leigh in Angola and the Adjoining Regions (London, 1901), a volume of the Hakluyt Society, edited by E.G.  Ravenstein, who gives in appendices the history of the country from its discovery to the end of the 17th century; J.C.  Feo Cardozo, Memorias contendo ... a historia dos governadores e capitaens generaes de Angola, desde 1575 ate 1825 (Paris, 1825); H.W.  Nevinson, A Modern Slavery (London, 1906), an examination of the system of indentured labour and its recruitment; Ornithologie d’Angola, by J.V.  Barboza du Bocage (Lisbon, 1881); “Geologie des Colonies portugaises en Afrique,” by P. Choffat, in Com. d. service geol. du Portugal. See also the annual reports on the Trade of Angola, issued by the British Foreign Office.

ANGORA, or ENGURI. (1) A city of Turkey (anc. Ancyra) in Asia, capital of the vilayet of the same name, situated upon a steep, rocky hill, which rises 500 ft. above the plain, on the left bank of the Enguri Su, a tributary of the Sakaria (Sangarius), about 220 m.  E.S.E. of Constantinople.  The hill is crowned by the ruins of the old citadel, which add to the picturesqueness of the view; but the town is not well built, its streets being narrow and many of its houses constructed of sun-dried mud bricks; there are, however, many fine remains of Graeco-Roman and Byzantine architecture, the most remarkable being the temple of Rome and Augustus, on the walls of which is the famous Monumentum Ancyranum (see ANCYRA).  Ancyra was the centre of the Tectosages, one of the three Gaulish tribes which settled in Galatia in the 3rd century B.C., and became the capital of the Roman province of Galatia when it was formally constituted in 25 B.C.  During the Byzantine period, throughout which it occupied a position of great importance, it was captured by Persians and Arabs; then it fell into the hands of the Seljuk Turks, was held for eighteen years by the Latin Crusaders, and finally passed to the Ottoman Turks in 1360.  In 1402 a great battle was fought in the vicinity of Angora, in which the Turkish sultan Bayezid was defeated and made prisoner by the Tatar conqueror Timur.  In 1415 it was recovered by the Turks under Mahommed I., and since that period has belonged to the Ottoman empire.  In 1832 it was taken by the Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha.  Angora is connected with Constantinople by railway, and exports wool, mohair, grain and yellow berries.  Mohair cloth is manufactured, and the town is noted for its honey and fruit.  From 1639 to 1768 there was an agency of the Levant Company here; there is now a British consul.  Pop. estimated at 28,000 (Moslems, 18,000; Christians, largely Roman Catholic Armenians, about 9400; Jews, 400).