5.  If we consider him in relation to the persons whom he converses with, it naturally produces love and good will towards him.  A cheerful mind is not only disposed to be affable and obliging, but raises the same good humour in those who come within its influence.  A man finds himself pleased, he does not know why, with the cheerfulness of his companion:  it is like a sudden sun-shine that awakens a secret delight in the mind, without her attending to it.  The heart rejoices of its own accord, and naturally flows out into friendship and benevolence towards the person who has so kindly an effect upon it.

6.  When I consider this cheerful stale of mind in its third relation, I cannot but look upon it as a constant habitual gratitude to the great Author of Nature.  An inward cheerfulness is an implicit praise and thanksgiving to Providence under all its dispensations.  It is a kind of acquiescence in the state wherein we are placed, and a secret approbation of the Divine will in his conduct towards man.

7.  There are but two things which, in my opinion, can reasonably deprive us of this cheerfulness of heart.  The first of these is the sense of guilt.  A man who lives in a state of vice and impenitence, can have no title to that evenness and tranquility of mind which is the health of the soul, and the natural effect of virtue and innocence.  Cheerfulness in an ill man, deserves a harder name than language can furnish us with, and is many degrees beyond what we commonly call folly or madness.

8.  Atheism, by which I mean a disbelief of a Supreme Being, and consequently of a future state, under whatsoever title it shelters itself, may likewise very reasonably deprive a man of this cheerfulness of temper.  There is something so particularly gloomy and offensive to human nature in the prospect of non-existence, that I cannot but wonder, with many excellent writers, how it is possible for a man to out-live the expectation of it.  For my own part, I think the being of a God is so little to be doubted, that it is almost the only truth we are sure of, and such a truth as we meet with in every object, in every occurrence, and in every thought.

9.  If we look into the characters of this tribe of infidels, we generally find they are made up of pride, spleen and cavil:  It is indeed no wonder that men, who are uneasy to themselves, should be so to the rest of the world; and how is it possible for a man to be otherwise than uneasy in himself, who is in danger every moment of losing his entire existence, and dropping into nothing?

10.  The vicious man and atheist have therefore no pretence to cheerfulness, and would act very unreasonably, should they endeavor after it.  It is impossible for any one to live in good humour, and enjoy his present existence, who is apprehensive either of torment or of annihilation; of being miserable, or of not being at all.

After having mentioned these two great principles, which are destructive of cheerfulness in their own nature, as well as in right reason, I cannot think of any other that ought to banish this happy temper from a virtuous mind.  Pain and sickness, shame and reproach, poverty and old age, nay, death itself, considering the shortness of their duration, and the advantage we may reap from them, do not deserve the name of evils.