Useful notes and maxims.

An over-exposed plate gives no dark shadows in the print.

An under-exposed plate gives no high lights.  When in doubt, choose the risk of over-exposure.

To test the safety of your camera—­Half draw the shutter, and expose part of the plate in the camera, in the sunshine, without uncapping the lens, and develop.

To test the safety of your red light—­Expose a plate, divide it into two, develop half in the dark, and half for the same time, with the same solution by the light you are testing, and compare the results.  This test is worth making, as photographers are apt to give themselves much discomfort from exaggerated caution.

 2.  Itinerary.

Where there are efficient maps the only need is to mark in the position of any antiquities, by cross-bearings to clear points, with the compass, drawn in with a sharp pencil.  Where the maps are too small, or deficient, a continuous register of time should be made, noting the minute of starting and of stopping; this over known distances will serve to give the value over the unknown.  Note whether mounted or walking, and the compass bearing of the track; also the bearings of known points around, whenever stopping.  Without any known bearings pacing and compass used carefully may go over the roughest ground without five per cent. error in the day.

It is better when on unknown ground to plot a map as you go, so that no misunderstanding of notes can arise after.  If a squared block cannot be used, at least draw the bearings and distances roughly, writing in the amounts.  This should be plotted up accurately in the evening.  A photograph may be unintelligible later in its detail.  It is best where known features, a temple, tombs, &c., are in a view, to sketch the outline when photographing, and write in the details, so as to give a key to the photograph.  Inquire about antiquities whenever stopping.  When camping, villagers usually come up to see who it is; then tell them the directions of the places around.  They will ask how you know; show them the map, and they are puzzled; talk over all the names a few miles round, and then anything notable in the district may be remarked, and inquiries made.  Several men together help each other to remember, and bring out more remarks.  Sometimes an intelligent man will describe all the antiquities he knows in the district:  this should be followed closely on the map, and difficulties resolved at once, so as to get a clear record noted.

Of course, enormous exaggerations are met with, and not one report in ten will prove to be anything.  Tracking up the source of bought antiquities is one of the best methods, and the one by which Naukratis was found.

If travelling by camel, it is practicable to diverge widely on foot, if objects are looked for well ahead.  A foot track diverging 4.5 degrees, and then converging likewise, will easily keep in touch with a baggage camel.  Fix on the camping-place in the morning, and let every one know of it, so that if accidentally parted all can rejoin by night.