KNOX, in his captivating account of the island, gives an accurate description of both; the Rilawas, with “no beards, white faces, and long hair on the top of their heads, which parteth and hangeth down like a man’s, and which do a deal of mischief to the corn, and are so impudent that they will come into their gardens, and eat such fruit as grows there.  And the Wanderoos, some as large as our English Spaniel dogs, of a darkish grey colour, and black faces with great white beards round from ear to ear, which makes them shew just like old men.  This sort does but little mischief, keeping in the woods, eating only leaves and buds of trees, but when they are catched they will eat anything."[1]

[Footnote 1:  KNOX, Historical Relation of Ceylon, an Island in the East Indies.—­P. i. ch. vi. p. 25.  Fol.  Lond. 1681.]

KNOX, whose experience was confined almost exclusively to the hill country around Kandy, spoke in all probability of one large and comparatively powerful species, Presbytes ursinus, which inhabits the lofty forests, and which, as well as another of the same group, P.  Thersites, was, till recently, unknown to European naturalists.  The Singhalese word Ouanderu has a generic sense, and being in every respect the equivalent for our own term of “monkey,” it necessarily comprehends the low country species, as well as those which inhabit other parts of the island.  And, in point of fact, in the island there are no less than four animals, each of which is entitled to the name of “wanderoo."[1]

[Footnote 1:  Down to a very late period, a large and somewhat repulsive-looking monkey, common to the Malabar coast, the Silenus veter, Linn., was, from the circumstance of his possessing a “great white beard,” incorrectly assumed to be the “wanderoo” of Ceylon, described by KNOX; and under that usurped name it has figured in every author from Buffon to the present time.  Specimens of the true Singhalese species were, however, received in Europe; but in the absence of information in this country as to their actual habitat, they were described, first by Zimmerman, on the continent, under the name of Leucoprymnus cephalopterus, and subsequently by Mr. E. Bennett, under that of Semnopithecus Nestor (Proc.  Zool.  Soc. pt. i. p. 67:  1833); the generic and specific characters being on this occasion most carefully pointed out by that eminent naturalist.  Eleven years later Dr. Templeton forwarded to the Zoological Society a description, accompanied by drawings, of the wanderoo of the western maritime districts of Ceylon, and noticed the fact that the wanderoo of authors (S. veter) was not to be found in the island except as an introduced species in the custody of the Arab horse-dealers, who visit the port of Colombo at stated periods.  Mr. Waterhouse, at the meeting (Proc.  Zool.  Soc. p. 1:  1844) at which this communication was read, recognised the identity of the subject of Dr. Templeton’s description with