which Bismarck advocated for fiscal reasons, he combined the attempt to enlarge Germany’s foreign market by the establishment of imperial colonies in Africa and in the Pacific Ocean.  In other respects his foreign policy, after 1870, was controlled by the desire to preserve peace.  “Germany,” he said, “belongs to the satisfied nations.”  When the Russian friendship cooled, he secured an alliance with Austria (1879), which Italy also joined (1882); and the “triple alliance” thus formed continued to dominate European politics for many years after Bismarck’s withdrawal from office.

Of Bismarck’s State papers, the greater portion are still buried in the Prussian archives.  The most important series that has been published consists of his dispatches from Frankfort (Poschinger, Preussen im Bundestag, 1851-8, 4 vols.).  These are marked by clearness of statement, force of argument, and felicity of illustration.  The style, although less direct and simple than that of his unofficial writings, is still excellent.  A large part of the interest attaching to these early papers lies in their acute characterization of the diplomatists with whom he had to deal.  His analysis of their motives reveals from the outset that thorough insight into human nature which was to count for so much in his subsequent diplomatic triumphs.  Of his later notes and dispatches, such as have seen the light may be found in Hahn’s documentary biography (’Fuerst Bismarck,’ 5 vols.).  His reports and memorials on economic and fiscal questions have been collected by Poschinger in ’Bismarck als Volkswirth.’

Of Bismarck’s parliamentary speeches there exists a full collection (reproduced without revision from the stenographic reports) in fifteen volumes.  Bismarck was not an orator in the ordinary acceptation of the word.  His mode of address was conversational; his delivery was monotonous and halting.  He often hesitated, searching for a word; but when it came, it usually seemed the only word that could have expressed his meaning, and the hesitation that preceded it gave it a singular emphasis.  It seemed to be his aim to convince his hearers, not to win them; his appeal was regularly to their intelligence, not to their emotions.  When the energy and warmth of his own feelings had carried him into something like a flight of oratory, there was apt to follow, at the next moment, some plain matter-of-fact statement that brought the discussion back at once to its ordinary level.  Such an anti-climax was often very effective:  the obvious effort of the speaker to keep his emotions under restraint vouched for the sincerity of the preceding outburst.  It should be added that he appreciated as few Germans do the rhetorical value of understatement.