Taking this as the proportion of those who are made criminals through intemperance, let us get at some estimate of the cost to tax-payers.  We find it stated in Tract No. 28, issued by the National Temperance Society, that “a committee was appointed by the Ulster County Temperance Society, in 1861, for the express purpose of ascertaining, from reliable sources, the percentage on every dollar tax paid to the county to support her paupers and criminal justice.  The committee, after due examination, came to the conclusion that upwards of sixty cents on the dollar was for the above purpose.  This amount was required, according to law, to be paid by every tax-payer as a penalty, or rather as a rum bill, for allowing the liquor traffic to be carried on in the above county.  What is said of Ulster County, may, more or less, if a like examination were entered into, be said of every other county, not only in the State of New York, but in every county in the United States.”

From the same tract we take this statement:  “In a document published by the Legislature of the State of New York, for 1863, being the report of the Secretary of the State to the Legislature, we have the following statements:  ’The whole number of paupers relieved during the same period, was 261,252.  During the year 1862, 257,354.’  These numbers would be in the ratio of one pauper annually to every fifteen inhabitants throughout the State.  In an examination made into the history of those paupers by a competent committee, seven-eighths of them were reduced to this low and degraded condition, directly or indirectly, through intemperance.”

CURSING THE POOR.

Looking at our laboring classes, with the fact before us, that the cost of the liquor sold annually by retail dealers is equal to nearly $25 for every man, woman and child in our whole population, and we can readily see why so much destitution is to be found among them.  Throwing out those who abstain altogether; the children, and a large proportion of women, and those who take a glass only now and then, and it will be seen that for the rest the average of cost must be more than treble.  Among working men who drink the cheaper beverages, the ratio of cost to each cannot fall short of a hundred dollars a year.  With many, drink consumes from a fourth to one-half of their entire earnings.  Is it, then, any wonder that so much poverty and suffering are to be found among them?

CRIME AND PAUPERISM.

The causes that produce crime and pauperism in our own country, work the same disastrous results in other lands where intoxicants are used.  An English writer, speaking of the sad effects of intemperance in Great Britain, says:  “One hundred million pounds, which is now annually wasted, is a sum as great as was spent in seven years upon all the railways of the kingdom—­in the very heyday of railway