was king, pontiff, and judge in one, for in those days belief and faith were everything.  All this has been changed in our day; and we must even take our epoch as we find it.  But I, for one, believe that the progress of civilization and the welfare of the people depend on these three men.  They are the three powers who bring home to the people’s minds the ways in which facts, interests, and principles affect them.  They themselves are three great results produced in the midst of the nation by the operation of events, by the ownership of property, and by the growth of ideas.  Time goes on and brings changes to pass, property increases or diminishes in men’s hands, all the various readjustments have to be duly regulated, and in this way principles of social order are established.  If civilization is to spread itself, and production is to be increased, the people must be made to understand the way in which the interests of the individual harmonize with national interests which resolve themselves into facts, interests, and principles.  As these three professions are bound to deal with these issues of human life, it seemed to me that they must be the most powerful civilizing agencies of our time.  They alone afford to a man of wealth the opportunity of mitigating the fate of the poor, with whom they daily bring him in contact.

“The peasant is always more willing to listen to the man who lays down rules for saving him from bodily ills than to the priest who exhorts him to save his soul.  The first speaker can talk of this earth, the scene of the peasant’s labors, while the priest is bound to talk to him of heaven, with which, unfortunately, the peasant nowadays concerns himself very little indeed; I say unfortunately, because the doctrine of a future life is not only a consolation, but a means by which men may be governed.  Is not religion the one power that sanctions social laws?  We have but lately vindicated the existence of God.  In the absence of a religion, the Government was driven to invent the Terror, in order to carry its laws into effect; but the terror was the fear of man, and it has passed away.

“When a peasant is ill, when he is forced to lie on his pallet, and while he is recovering, he cannot help himself, he is forced to listen to logical reasoning, which he can understand quite well if it is put clearly before him.  This thought made a doctor of me.  My calculations for the peasants were made along with them.  I never gave advice unless I was quite sure of the results, and in this way compelled them to admit the wisdom of my views.  The people require infallibility.  Infallibility was the making of Napoleon; he would have been a god if he had not filled the world with the sound of his fall at Waterloo.  If Mahomet founded a permanent religion after conquering the third part of the globe, it was by dint of concealing his deathbed from the crowd.  The same rules hold good for the great conqueror and for the provincial mayor, and a nation or a commune is much the same sort of crowd; indeed, the great multitude of mankind is the same everywhere.