The arrival of these was an event that was long remembered.  The peasants examined them with attention, not unmixed with wonder, but said nothing.  When the master explained to them the advantages of the new instruments, they still remained silent.  Only one old man, gazing at the threshing-machine, remarked, in an audible “aside,” “A cunning people, these Germans!"* On being asked for their opinion, they replied vaguely, “How should we know?  It ought to be so.”  But when their master had retired, and was explaining to his wife and the French governess that the chief obstacle to progress in Russia was the apathetic indolence and conservative spirit of the peasantry, they expressed their opinions more freely.  “These may be all very well for the Germans, but they won’t do for us.  How are our little horses to drag these big ploughs?  And as for that [the threshing-machine], it’s of no use.”  Further examination and reflection confirmed this first impression, and it was unanimously decided that no good would come of the new-fangled inventions.

* The Russian peasant comprehends all the inhabitants of Western Europe under the term Nyemtsi, which in the language of the educated designates only Germans.  The rest of humanity is composed of Pravoslavniye (Greek Orthodox), Busurmanye (Mahometans), and Poliacki (Poles).

These apprehensions proved to be only too well founded.  The ploughs were much too heavy for the peasants’ small horses, and the threshing-machine broke down at the first attempt to use it.  For the purchase of lighter implements or stronger horses there was no ready money, and for the repairing of the threshing-machine there was not an engineer within a radius of a hundred and fifty miles.  The experiment was, in short, a complete failure, and the new purchases were put away out of sight.

For some weeks after this incident Victor Alexandr’itch felt very despondent, and spoke more than usual about the apathy and stupidity of the peasantry.  His faith in infallible science was somewhat shaken, and his benevolent aspirations were for a time laid aside.  But this eclipse of faith was not of long duration.  Gradually he recovered his normal condition, and began to form new schemes.  From the study of certain works on political economy he learned that the system of communal property was ruinous to the fertility of the soil, and that free labour was always more productive than serfage.  By the light of these principles he discovered why the peasantry in Russia were so poor, and by what means their condition could he ameliorated.  The Communal land should be divided into family lots, and the serfs, instead of being forced to work for the proprietor, should pay a yearly sum as rent.  The advantages of this change he perceived clearly—­as clearly as he had formerly perceived the advantages of English agricultural implements—­and he determined to make the experiment on his own estate.