** Sabathier de Cabres, “Catherine II. et la Cour de Russie
     en 1772.”

Though thus excluded from direct influence in political affairs the Noblesse might still have acquired a certain political significance in the State, by means of the Provincial Assemblies, and by the part they took in local administration; but in reality they had neither the requisite political experience nor the requisite patience, nor even the desire to pursue such a policy.  The majority of the proprietors preferred the chances of promotion in the Imperial service to the tranquil life of a country gentleman; and those who resided permanently on their estates showed indifference or positive antipathy to everything connected with the local administration.  What was officially described as “a privilege conferred on the nobles for their fidelity, and for the generous sacrifice of their lives in their country’s cause,” was regarded by those who enjoyed it as a new kind of obligatory service—­an obligation to supply judges and officers of rural police.

If we require any additional proof that the nobles amidst all these changes were still as dependent as ever on the arbitrary will or caprice of the Monarch, we have only to glance at their position in the time of Paul I., the capricious, eccentric, violent son and successor of Catherine.  The autobiographical memoirs of the time depict in vivid colours the humiliating position of even the leading men in the State, in constant fear of exciting by act, word, or look the wrath of the Sovereign.  As we read these contemporary records we seem to have before us a picture of ancient Rome under the most despotic and capricious of her Emperors.  Irritated and embittered before his accession to the throne by the haughty demeanour of his mother’s favourites, Paul lost no opportunity of showing his contempt for aristocratic pretensions, and of humiliating those who were supposed to harbour them.  “Apprenez, Monsieur,” he said angrily on one occasion to Dumouriez, who had accidentally referred to one of the “considerable” personages of the Court, “Apprenez qu’il n’y a pas de considerable ici, que la personne a laquelle je parle et pendant le temps que je lui parle!"*

     * This saying is often falsely attributed to Nicholas.  The
     anecdote is related by Segur.

From the time of Catherine down to the accession of Alexander II. in 1855 no important change was made in the legal status of the Noblesse, but a gradual change took place in its social character by the continual influx of Western ideas and Western culture.  The exclusively French culture in vogue at the Court of Catherine assumed a more cosmopolitan colouring, and permeated downwards till all who had any pretensions to being civilises spoke French with tolerable fluency and possessed at least a superficial acquaintance with the literature of Western Europe.  What chiefly distinguished them in the eye of the law from the other