commercial character of these transactions that I venture to state the facts as related to me by the official chiefly concerned.  A merchant subscribed to a society which enjoyed the patronage of a Grand Duchess a considerable sum of money, under the express condition that he should receive in return a St. Vladimir Cross.  Instead of the desired decoration, which was considered too much for the sum subscribed, a cross of St. Stanislas was granted; but the donor was dissatisfied with the latter and demanded that his money should be returned to him.  The demand had to be complied with, and, as an Imperial gift cannot be retracted, the merchant had his Stanislas Cross for nothing.

This traffic in decorations has had its natural result.  Like paper money issued in too large quantities, the decorations have fallen in value.  The gold medals which were formerly much coveted and worn with pride by the rich merchants—­suspended by a ribbon round the neck—­are now little sought after.  In like manner the inordinate respect for official personages has considerably diminished.  Fifty years ago the provincial merchants vied with each other in their desire to entertain any great dignitary who honoured their town with a visit, but now they seek rather to avoid this expensive and barren honour.  When they do accept the honour, they fulfil the duties of hospitality in a most liberal spirit.  I have sometimes, when living as an honoured guest in a rich merchant’s house, found it difficult to obtain anything simpler than sterlet, sturgeon, and champagne.

The two great blemishes on the character of the Russian merchants as a class are, according to general opinion, their ignorance and their dishonesty.  As to the former of these there cannot possibly be any difference of opinion.  Many of them can neither read nor write, and are forced to keep their accounts in their memory, or by means of ingenious hieroglyphics, intelligible only to the inventor.  Others can decipher the calendar and the lives of the saints, can sign their names with tolerable facility, and can make the simpler arithmetical calculations with the help of the stchety, a little calculating instrument, composed of wooden balls strung on brass wires, which resembles the “abaca” of the old Romans, and is universally used in Russia.  It is only the minority who understand the mysteries of regular book-keeping, and of these very few can make any pretensions to being educated men.

All this, however, is rapidly undergoing a radical change.  Children are now much better educated than their parents, and the next generation will doubtless make further progress, so that the old-fashioned type above described is destined to disappear.  Already there are not a few of the younger generation—­especially among the wealthy manufacturers of Moscow—­who have been educated abroad, who may be described as tout a fait civilises, and whose mode of life differs little from that of the richer nobles; but they remain outside fashionable society, and constitute a “set” of their own.