sterility of, 180.
the sovereign’s power in relation to, 219.
treatment of, by Isidore of Seville, 15.
utility of, as treated by Aristotle, 16.
variations in value of, 216 et seq.
value of, not to be changed unnecessarily, 219. 
Monopolies, mediaeval views on, 124. Montes pietatis, 194.
    attitude of the Church to, 197.
controversy over interest charged by, 196.
Montes profani, 195 et seq. Moral theology, 130.  Morality, economic, in the Middle Ages, 10.  More, Sir Thomas, 48.  Mosheim, 44.  Munificence, duty of, 77. Mutuum, 202, 210, 213, 214.
  nature of, 178, 183.
risk involved in, 192.

  Natural rights, distinction between absolute and commensurate
in slavery, 95. 
  Navarrus, 190. 
  Necessaries, two kinds distinguished by Thomas Aquinas, 83. 
  Neumann, 182. 
  New Testament, the, 176.
      cited in support of prohibition of usury, 174. 
  Nice, Council of, on usury, 169, 170. 
  Nicholas v., Pope, bull on personal rent charges, 205. 
  Nider, 39, 110, 118, 134, 150, 181, 193. 
  Nitti, F.S., 43, 69. 
  Noel, Conrad, 49. 
  Numa, as origin of ‘nummi,’ 15.

  Occupancy, as title to property, 65. 
  Old Testament, the, 176.
      attitude to usury, 163, 165.
      cited in support of prohibition of usury, 174. 
  Oresme, Nicholas, 143, 215, 216, 219.
      his influence, 221.
      his work on money, 214, 217 et seq.
  Origen, 45. 
  Orvieto, first montes pietatis started at, 196. 
  Ownership, see Property.

  Padua, montes pietatis at, 196. 
  Palgrave, 30, 105, 112, 135, 212. 
  Parma, montes pietatis at, 196. 
  Partnership, division of remuneration, 209.
    scholastic teaching on, 202, 205 et seq.
    the two kinds of, 209.
  Parvificentia, a sin, 77, 78.
  Patria, potestas, 226. 
  Pelagius, views condemned by Council, A.D. 415, 61. 
  Pennafort, Raymond de, 27, 149.
  Periculum sortis, 191, 192, 212. 
  Perin, 183, 226. 
  Perugia, montes pietatis at, 196. 
  Philip the Fair, his method of increasing the revenue, 216. 
  Philosophers, the, their condemnation of usury, 161. 
  Pigonneau, 146. 
  Plato, his objection to usury, 161. 
  Plutarch, attitude to usury, 163.
  Poena conventionalis, 185.
      difference from interest, 186. 
  Political economy, errors of classical school, 8.
      difference between mediaeval and modern methods, 6. 
  Pope, the, his denunciation of Philip the Fair, 216.
      the spiritual vicar of God, 10. 
  Popes, the, and almsgiving, 69.
    pronouncements by, on rent, 204.
    their protection of montes pietatis, 197. 
  Population, mediaeval attitude to, 224. 
  Poverty, as the cause of sin, 78. 
  Prescription, as title to property, 65.