frank.  “My colleague Gabinius is in absolute poverty, and does not know where to turn.  Without a province he must be ruined.  A province he hopes to get by the help of Clodius, but it must be by my acting with him.  I must humor his wishes, just as you, Cicero, humored your colleague when you were consul.  But indeed there is no reason why you should seek the consul’s protection.  Every one must look out for himself.”

In default of the consuls there was still some hope that Pompey might be induced to interfere, and Cicero sought an interview with him.  Plutarch says that he slipped out by a back door to avoid seeing him; but Cicero’s own account is that the interview was granted.  “When I threw myself at his feet” (he means I suppose, humiliated himself by asking such a favor), “he could not lift me from the ground.  He could do nothing, he said, against the will of Caesar.”

Cicero had now to choose between two courses.  He might stay and do his best with the help of his friends, to resist the passing of the law.  But this would have ended, it was well known, in something like an open battle in the streets of Rome.  Clodius and his partisans were ready to carry their proposal by force of arms, and would yield to nothing but superior strength.  It was possible, even probable, that in such a conflict Cicero would be victorious.  But he shrank from the trial, not from cowardice, for he had courage enough when occasion demanded, not even from unwillingness to risk the lives of his friends, though this weighed somewhat with him, but chiefly because he hated to confess that freedom was becoming impossible in Rome, and that the strong hand of a master was wanted to give any kind of security to life and property.  The other course was to anticipate the sentence and to go into voluntary exile.  This was the course which his most powerful friends pressed upon him, and this was the course which he chose.  He left Rome, intending to go to Sicily, where he knew that he should find the heartiest of welcomes.

Immediately on his departure Clodius formally proposed his banishment.  “Let it be enacted,” so ran the proposition, “that, seeing that Marcus Tullius Cicero has put Roman citizens to death without trial, forging thereto the authority of the Senate, that he be forbidden fire and water; that no one harbor or receive him on pain of death; and that whosoever shall move, shall vote, or take any steps for the recalling of him, be dealt with as a public enemy.”  The bill was passed, the distance within which it was to operate being fixed at four hundred miles.  The houses of the banished man were razed to the ground, the site of the mansion on the.  Palatine, being dedicated to Liberty.  His property was partly plundered, partly sold by auction.