“The foundations of the Rocca,” he continued, “were probably part of a great stronghold raised by the Gauls, who undoubtedly conquered the whole of this valley at the time when they settled themselves in what is now the Marches, and founded Senegallia.  It was visited by Asdrubal, and burned by Alaric; then occupied by the Greek free lances of Justinian; in the time of the Frankish victories, in common with greater places, it was forced to swear allegiance to the first papal Adrian.  After that it had been counted as one of the fiefs comprised in the possessions of the Pentapolis; and later on, when the Saracens ravaged the shores of the Adriatic, they had come up the Valdedera and pillaged and burned again.  Gregory the Ninth gave the valley to the family of its first feudal lords, the Tor’alba, in recompense for military service, and they, out of the remains of the Gallic, Etruscan, and Roman towns, rebuilt Ruscino and raised the Rocca on the ruins of the castle of the Gauls.  There, though at feud many time with their foes, the Della Rovere, the Malatesta, and the Dukes of Urbino, they held their own successfully, favoured usually by Rome, and for three centuries grew in force and in possessions.  But they lost the favour of Rome by their haughtiness and independence; and under pretext that they merited punishment, Cesare Borgia brought troops of mercenaries against them, and after a fierce conflict in the valley (the terrible battle of which the villagers preserved the memory) the town was besieged and sacked.

“After this battle, which must have taken place on yonder moor, to the north-west, for the assailants had crossed the Apennines, the Tor’alba and the remnant of men remaining to them retreated within the walls of Ruscino.

“The whole place and the citadel were burning, set on fire by order of Borgia.  The church alone was spared, and the dead men were as thick as stones on the walls, and in the streets, and in the nave of the church, and on the streets, and in the houses.  This river was choked with corpses, and dark with blood.  The black smoke towered to the sky in billows like a sea.  The mercenaries swarmed over the bastions and violated the women, and cut off their breasts and threw their bodies down into the stream and their children after them.  The Lady of Tor’alba, valiant as Caterina Sforza, was the first slain.

“The whole place was given up to flame and carnage, and the great captains were as helpless as dead oxen.  They were all slain amongst their troopers and their vassals, and their bodies were burnt when the fortress was fired.

“Only one little child escaped the massacre, a month-old babe, son of the Marquis of Tor’alba, who was hidden by a faithful servant amongst the reeds of the Edera in a basket.  This servant was the only male who escaped slaughter.