past Nova Zembla, and so sent him off on the voyage that brought the “Half Moon” into Hudson’s River; sometimes with the fatalism very much in evidence—­as when his own government seized him out of the Dutch service, and so put him in the way to go sailing to his death on that voyage through Hudson’s Strait that ended, for him, in his mutineering crew casting him adrift to starve with cold and hunger in Hudson’s Bay.  And, being dead, the same inconsequent Fate that harried him while alive has preserved his name, and very nobly, by anchoring it fast to that River and Strait and Bay forever:  and this notwithstanding the fact that all three of them were discovered by other navigators before his time.

Hudson sought, as from the time of Columbus downward other navigators had sought before him, a short cut to the Indies; but his search was made, because of what those others had accomplished, within narrowed lines.  In the century and more that had passed between the great Admiral’s death and the beginning of Hudson’s explorations one important geographical fact had been established:  that there was no water-way across America between, roughly, the latitudes of 40 deg.  South and 40 deg.  North.  Of necessity, therefore—­since to round America south of 40 deg.  South would make a longer voyage than by the known route around the Cape of Good Hope—­exploration that might produce practical results had to be made north of 40 deg.  North, either westward from the Atlantic or eastward from the North Sea.

Even within those lessened limits much had been determined before Hudson’s time.  To the eastward, both Dutch and English searchers had gone far along the coast of Russia; passing between that coast and Nova Zembla and entering the Kara Sea.  To the westward, in the year 1524, Verazzano had sailed along the American coast from 34 deg. to 50 deg.  North; and in the course of that voyage had entered what now is New York Bay.  In the year 1598, Sebastian Cabot had coasted America from 38 deg.  North to the mouth of what now is Hudson’s Strait.  Frobisher had entered that Strait in the year 1577; Weymouth had sailed into it nearly one hundred leagues in the year 1602; and Portuguese navigators, in the years 1558 and 1569, probably had passed through it and had entered what now is Hudson’s Bay.

[Illustration:  FAC-simile of title-page of A sea handbook of Hudson’s time]

As the result of all this exploration, Hudson had at his command a mass of information—­positive as well as negative—­that at once narrowed his search and directed it; and there is very good reason for believing that he actually carried with him charts of a crude sort on which, more or less clearly, were indicated the Strait and the Bay and the River which popularly are regarded as of his discovery and to which have been given his name.  But I hold that his just fame is not lessened by the fact that his discoveries, nominally, were rediscoveries.  Within the proper meaning of the word they truly were his dis-coveries:  in that he did un-cover them so effectually that they became known clearly, and thereafter remained known clearly, to the world.