when compared with the difference between that of the Chimpanzee and that of the Lemur.  The same authority informs us that in the important feature of the deeper brain furrows, and intricate convolutions, the chasm between the highest civilized man and the lowest savage is far greater than between the lowest savage and the highest man-like ape.  Darwin, describing the Fuegians, who are among the very lowest forms of savages, says:  “Their very signs and expressions are less intelligible to us than those of the domesticated animal.  They are men who do not possess the instinct of those animals, nor yet appear to boast of human reason, or at least of arts consequent upon that reason.”

Professor Clodd, in describing the “primitive man,” says:  “Doubtless he was lower than the lowest of the savages of today—­a powerful, cunning biped, with keen sense organs always sharper, in virtue of constant exercise, in the savage than in the civilized man (who supplements them by science), strong instincts, uncontrolled and fitful emotions, small faculty of wonder, and nascent reasoning power; unable to forecast tomorrow, or to comprehend yesterday, living from hand to mouth on the wild products of Nature, clothed in skin and bark, or daubed with clay, and finding shelter in trees and caves; ignorant of the simplest arts, save to chip a stone missile, and perhaps to produce fire; strong in his needs of life and vague sense of right to it and to what he could get, but slowly impelled by common perils and passions to form ties, loose and haphazard at the outset, with his kind, the power of combination with them depending on sounds, signs and gestures.”

Such was the ancestral man.  Those who are interested in him are referred to the two wonderful tales of the cave-man written in the form of stories by two great modern novelists.  The books referred to are (1) “The Story of Ab,” by Stanley Waterloo, and (2) “Before Adam,” by Jack London.  They may be obtained from any bookseller.  Both are works of fiction, with the scientific facts cleverly interwoven into them.

And now in conclusion before we pass on the subject of “Spiritual Evolution,” which will form the subject of our next lesson, we would again call your attention to the vital difference between the Western and the Eastern Teachings.  The Western holds to a mechanical theory of life, which works without the necessity of antecedent Mind, the latter appearing as a “product” at a certain stage.  The Eastern holds that Mind is back of, under, and antecedent to all the work of Evolution—­the cause, not the effect or product.  The Western claims that Mind was produced by the struggle of Matter to produce higher forms of itself. The Eastern claims that the whole process of Evolution is caused by Mind striving, struggling and pressing forward toward expressing itself more fully—­to liberate itself from the confining and retarding Matter—­the struggle resulting in an Unfoldment which causes sheath after sheath of the confining material bonds to be thrown off and discarded, in the effort to release the confined Spirit which is behind even the Mind.  The Yogi Teachings are that the Evolutionary Urge is the pressure of the confined Spirit striving to free itself from the fetters and bonds which sorely oppress it.