In the chapter entitled “Das insektenleben in arktischen laendern,” which Dr. Christopher Aurivillius contributes to the account of A.E.  Nordenskioeld’s Arctic investigations, published this year in Leipzig,[2] the author says:  “The question of the mode of life of insects and of its relation to their environment in the extreme north is one of especial interest.  Knowing, as we do, that any insect in the extreme north has at the most not more than from four to six weeks in each year for its development, we wonder how certain species can pass through their metamorphosis in so short a period.  R. McLachlan adverts, in his work upon the insects of Grinnell Land, to the difficulties which the shortness of the summer appears to put in the way of the development of the insects, and expresses the belief that the metamorphosis which we are accustomed here to see passed through in one summer there requires several summers.  The correctness of this supposition has been completely shown by the interesting observations which G. Sandberg has made upon species of lepidoptera in South Varanger, at 69 deg. 40’ north latitude.  Sandberg succeeded in following the development from the egg onward of some species of the extreme north. Oeneis bore, Schn., a purely Arctic butterfly, may be taken as an example.  This species has never been found outside of Arctic regions, and even there occurs only in places of purely Arctic stamp.  It flies from the middle of June onward, and lays its eggs on different species of grass.  The eggs hatch the same summer; the larva hibernates under ground, continues eating and growing the next summer, and does not even then reach its full development, but winters a second time and pupates the following spring.  The pupa, which in closely related forms, in regions further to the south, is suspended free in the air upon a blade of grass or like object, is in this case made in the ground, which must be a very advantageous habit is so raw a climate.  The imago leaves the pupa after from five or six weeks, an uncommonly long period for a butterfly.  In more southern regions the butterfly pupa rests not more than fourteen days in summer.  The entire development, then, takes place much more slowly than it does in regions further south.  Sandberg has shown, then, by this and other observations, that the Arctic summer, even at 70 deg.  N., is not sufficient for the development of many butterflies, but that they make use of two or more summers for it.  If then more than one summer is requisite for the metamorphosis of the butterflies, it appears to me still more likely that the humble-bees need more than one summer for their metamorphosis.  With us only the developed female lives over from one year to the next; in spring she builds the new nest, lays eggs, and rears the larvae which develop into the workers, who immediately begin to help in the support of the family; finally, toward autumn, males and females are developed.  It seems scarcely