thing but the real in his workmanship; and the appreciative student, unless his attention is specially drawn to that point, may dwell with him for years without once suspecting the presence of the ideal, because in truth his mind is kindled secretly to an answering state.  It is said that even Schiller at first saw nothing but realism in Shakespeare, and was repelled by his harsh truth; but afterwards became more and more impressed with his ideality, which seemed to bring him near the old poets.

Thus even when Shakespeare idealizes most the effect is to make the characters truer to themselves and truer to nature than they otherwise would be.  This may sound paradoxical, nevertheless I think a little illustration will make it good.  For the proper idealizing of Art is a concentration of truth, and not, as is often supposed, a substitution of something else in the place of it.  Now no man, that has any character to speak of, does or can show his whole character at any one moment or in any one turn of expression:  it takes the gathered force and virtue of many expressions to make up any thing rightly characteristic of him.  In painting, for instance, the portrait of an actual person, if the artist undertakes to represent him merely as he is at a given instant of time, he will of course be sure to misrepresent him.  In such cases literal truth is essential untruth.  Because the person cannot fairly deliver himself in any one instant of expression; and the business of Art is to distil the sense and efficacy of many transient expressions into one permanent one; that is, out of many passing lines and shades of transpiration the artist should so select and arrange and condense as to deliver the right characteristic truth about him.  This is at least one of the ways, I think it is the commonest way, in which Shakespeare idealizes his characters; and he surpasses all other poets in the ease, sureness, and directness with which his idealizing works in furtherance of truth.  It is in this sense that he idealizes from nature.  And here, as elsewhere, it is “as if Nature had entrusted to him the secret of her working power”; for we cannot but feel that, if she should carry her human handiwork up to a higher stage of perfection, the result would be substantially as he gives it.  Accordingly our first impression of his persons is that they are simply natural:  had they been literal transcripts from fact, they would not have seemed more intensely real than they do:  yet a close comparison of them with the reality of human nature discloses an ideal heightening in them of the finest and rarest quality.  Even so realistic a delineation as Hostess Quickly, or the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet, is not an exception to this rule.