xxvi An undisciplined mob had preceded them and perished on the road.  We have not space to write their history.

xxvii The Varangians.

Ordericus Vitalis, B. iv., says, “When the English had lost their freedom, they turned themselves eagerly to discover the means of regaining their liberty.  Some fled to Sweyn, King of Denmark, to excite him to fight for the inheritance of his grandfather, Canute.  Not a few fled into exile in other lands, either to escape the Norman rule, or in the hope of acquiring the means of renewing the struggle at home.  Some of these, in early manhood, penetrated into a far distant land, and offered their services to the Emperor of Constantinople, against whom (the Norman) Robert Guiscard had arrayed all his forces.  The English exiles were favourably received, and opposed in battle to the Normans, who were far too strong for the Greeks in personal combat.

“The Emperor Alexius began to build a town for the English, a little above Constantinople; but the troubles from the Normans increasing, he soon recalled them to the capital, and intrusted the palace, with all its treasures, to their keeping.  This was the way in which the English found their way to Ionia, where they still remain, honoured by the Emperor and his people.”

xxviii Particularly those portions found in the Gospels for the different Sundays in the Christian year, which even then (and long before) existed in nearly the same order as in our present Prayer-book, and were read in the vernacular each Sunday at Mass.

xxix See First and Second Chronicles.

xxx Anglo-Saxon and Norman Churches.

Originally, the churches of the Anglo-Saxons were built of wood, with perhaps a foundation of stone; but before the Conquest nobler buildings were introduced.  Thus, for instance, the church which Harold built at Waltham was designed in the new style of architecture, of which the earliest specimen in England was Edward’s Abbey Church at Westminster.  Waltham was sumptuously adorned:  the capitals and bases of the pillars were curiously carved; and the ornaments of the altar, vestments, hooks, furniture, most elaborate (see the tract De Inventione Sanctae Crucis, edited by Professor Stubbs).  But with the advent of a more highly civilised people, the churches generally shared in the revival of architecture, as the many massive remains, still extant, of that early period sufficiently testify.

xxxi H. A. & M. 12.

xxxii “Blessed are the peacemakers.”—­St. Matthew v.