Offa, 940.
  * Oswald, 937.
       + Ragnar, 959.
  * Ella, 959.
       + Elfric, 960.
       + Alfred, 998, m.  Alftrude.
            o Elfric, 975.
            o Elfwyn, 1036, m.  Hilda.
                 # Bertric, 1006.
                 # Ethelgiva, 1064, m.  Alfgar.
                      @ Edmund, 1066, m.  Winifred.
                           — Wilfred, 1122.
                           — Edith, 1124, m.  Etienne, 1110.
                      @ Elfleda, 1030.
            o Cuthbert, 1034 (Prior).
            o Bertha, 1030, m.  Herstan.
                 # Winifred, 1067.
       + Edgitha, 990.

vii This Herstan figures largely in “Alfgar the Dane.”  He married Bertha, daughter of Alfred of Aescendune, the hero of the “First Chronicle.”  See the genealogical table at the end of the book.

viii
“By Thy Cross and Passion;
Good Lord, deliver her.”

ix Poison amongst the Normans.

It may be thought by many readers that the poisoner’s art could never have flourished among so chivalrous a people as the Normans; but the contrary was the case; and there are several instances of such foul murders in the pages of the old chroniclers, sufficient to justify the introduction of the scene in our story.

At the plot called the Bridal of Norwich, A.D. 1075, Roger, Earl of Hereford, and Ralph, Earl of Norwich, did not scruple to accuse William himself of the murder of Conan, Duke of Brittany, who, finding that the duke was on the point of withdrawing all his troops for the invasion of England, prepared to take advantage of it by making a raid upon Normandy.  It was said that William could think of no other means of meeting the difficulty, than by causing the gauntlets and helmet of the unfortunate Conan to be poisoned by one of his chamberlains, who held lands in Normandy, and was under William’s influence.  Conan, however, did not die till the 11th of December, after the battle of Senlac, and the accusation is hard to reconcile with the general character of William.  Ordericus relates that Walter, Count of Pontoise, and his wife, were murdered at Falaise, when prisoners, by poison “treacherously administered by their enemies,” A.D. 1064.

x Anglo-Saxon Outlaws.

The true secret of the sympathy of the English people with such noted outlaws as Robin Hood and Little John, and their companions, is, that they were made such by Norman tyranny, and maintained their freedom in the greenwoods, when the usurping barons had reduced the people elsewhere to slavery.  Hence their exploits were sung by every minstrel, and received with enthusiasm.

“History,” says Thierry, “has not understood these outlaws; it has passed them over in silence, or else, adopting the legal acts of the time, it has branded them with names which deprive them of all interest—­such as ‘rebels,’ ‘robbers,’ ‘banditti.’

“But let us not,” continues the historian, “be misled by these odious titles; in all countries, subjugated by foreigners, they have been given by the victors to the brave men who took refuge in the mountains and forests, abandoning the towns and cities to such as were content to live in slavery.”