where he has a place made on purpose, and gets a fresh appetite by being in the water.  He, with his women and great men, do nothing but eat, drink, and talk of venery; so that, if the poets have any truth, then is this king the great Bacchus, for he practises all the ceremonies of gluttony.  He spends his whole time in eating and drinking with his women, or in cock-fighting.  Such is the king, and such are his subjects; for the whole land is entirely given to such habits of enjoyment.

[Footnote 40:  Areka is the nut, and betel the leaf in which it is wrapped, along with chunam, or lime, called sharp-chalk in the text.—­E.]

While, in all parts of Christendom, it is the custom to uncover the head in token of reverence, it is here the direct contrary; as, before any man can come into, the presence of this king, he must put off his shoes and stockings, coming before him bare-footed and bare-legged, holding his hands joined over his head, bowing his body, and saying dowlat; which duty performed, he sits down, cross-legged, in the king’s presence.  The state is governed by five principal officers, his secretary, and four others, called sabandars, in whom are all the authority of government, and who have inferior officers under them.  The will of the king is the law:  as there seemed to be no freemen in all the land, the lives and properties of all being at the king’s pleasure.  In punishing offenders, he makes no man happy by death, but orders their hands and feet to be cut off, and then banishes them to an island called Pulo Wey.  When any one is condemned to die, he is either trodden to death by elephants, or empaled.  Besides those in jails, many prisoners in fetters are seen going about the town.  The king has three wives, and many concubines, who are very closely kept, and his women are his chief counsellors.

The king has many gallies, an hundred, as I think, some of them so large as to carry four hundred men.  These are all made like wherries, very long, narrow, and open, without deck, forecastle, or poop, or any upper works whatever.  Instead of oars, they have paddles, about four feet long, made like shovels, which they hold in their hands, not resting them on the gunwales, or in row-locks, as we do.  The gallies have no ordnance; yet with these he holds all his neighbours under subjection.  His admiral is a woman, as he trusts no man with that high office.  Their weapons are bows and arrows, javelins, swords, and targets, having no defensive armour, and fighting entirely naked.  They have a great many pieces of brass ordnance, which they fire lying on the ground, using no carriages.  Some of these are the greatest I ever saw, and the metal of which they are made is said to be rich in gold.  The great dependence of his land-force is in the elephants.