Each female lays about fifty eggs, which are minute, flattened, scale-like bodies of a yellowish color.  In about a week the eggs hatch and the tiny caterpillar begins to eat through the apple to the core, Fig. 24, a, pushing its castings out through the hole where it entered, Fig. 24, b.  Oftentimes these are in sight on the outside in a dark colored mass, thus making wormy apples plainly seen at quite a distance.

The caterpillar is about two-fifths of an inch in length, of a glossy, pale yellowish white color, with a light brown head.  The skin is transparent and the internal organs give to it a reddish tinge.

When mature the caterpillars, Fig. 24, e, top of head and second segment, h, emerge from the apples and seek some sheltered place, such as crevices of bark, or corners of the boxes or barrels in which the fruit is stored, where they spin a tough whitish cocoon, Fig. 24, i, in which they remain unchanged all winter, and transform to pupae, Fig. 24, d, the next spring, the perfect moths emerging in time to lay their eggs in the new crop of apples.

One good remedy is to gather all the fallen apples, and feed them to hogs; another is to let swine and sheep run in the orchard, and eat the infested fruit.

It has been recommended to place bands of cloth or hay around the trunks of the trees for the caterpillars to spin their cocoons beneath, and to remove them at the proper time, and put them in scalding water to destroy the worms.

By far the most successful method as yet adopted is to shower the apple trees with Paris green in water, one pound to one hundred and fifty gallons of water, when the apples are about the size of peas, and again in about a week.

THE CABBAGE LEAF MINER.

Plutella cruciferarum (Zell.)

The cabbage leaf miner is not a native of this country, but was imported from Europe.

[Illustration:  FIG. 25.]

The perfect moth, Fig. 25, f, with the wings expanded (h, with the wings closed, g, a dark variety), measures three-quarters of an inch.  The fore wings are ashy gray, and on the hinder margin is a white or yellowish white stripe having three points extending into the gray, thus forming, when the wings are closed, three diamond-shaped white spots.  Generally there is a dark brown stripe between the white and the gray.  There are also black dots scattered about on the anterior part of these wings.

The hind wings are leaden brown, and the under side of all the wings is leaden brown, glossy, and without any dots.

The antennae are whitish with dark rings, and the abdomen white.  There are two broods of this insect in this region, the moths of the first appearing in May, and those of the second in August.  They hibernate in the pupa stage.

The caterpillars, Fig. 25, a (b, the top and c, the side of a segment), appear in June or July and September; they are small and cylindrical, tapering at both ends, pale green, and about one-fourth of an inch long.  The head has a yellowish tinge, and there are several dark stiff hairs scattered over the body.