they were warmed in winter by furnaces, and cooled in summer with perfumed air brought by underground pipes from flower-beds.  They had baths, and libraries, and dining-halls, fountains of quicksilver and water.  City and country were full of conviviality, and of dancing to the lute and mandolin.  Instead of the drunken and gluttonous wassail orgies of their northern neighbours, the feasts of the Saracens were marked by sobriety.  Wine was prohibited....  In the tenth century, the Khalif Hakem II. had made beautiful Andalusia the paradise of the world.  Christians, Mussulmans, Jews, mixed together without restraint....  All learned men, no matter from what country they came, or what their religious views, were welcomed.  The khalif had in his palace a manufactory of books, and copyists, binders, illuminators.  He kept book-buyers in all the great cities of Asia and Africa.  His library contained 400,000 volumes, superbly bound and illuminated” (Ibid, pp. 141, 142).  When the Christians in the fifteenth century seized “beautiful Andalusia,” they erected the Inquisition, burned the books, burned the people, banished the Jews and the Moors, and founded the miserable land known as modern Spain.

There was but little heresy during this melancholy century; people did not think enough even to think badly.  The Paulicians spread through Bulgaria, and established themselves there under a patriarch of their own.  Some Arians still existed.  Some Anthropomorphites gave some trouble, maintaining that God sat on a golden throne, and was served by angels with wings:  their “heresy” is, however, directly supported by the Scriptures.  A.D. 999, a man named Lentard began to speak against the worship of images, and the payment of tithes to priests, and asserted that in the Old Testament prophecies truth and falsehood are mingled.  His disciples seem to have merged into the Albigenses in the next century.

The year A.D. 1000 deserves a special word of notice.  Christians fancied that the world was to last for but one thousand years after the birth of Christ, and that it would therefore come to an end in A.D. 1000.  “Many charters begin with these words:  ’As the world is now drawing to its close.’  An army marching under the emperor Otho I. was so terrified by an eclipse of the sun, which it conceived to announce this consummation, as to disperse hastily on all sides” ("Europe during the Middle Ages,” Hallam, P. 599) “Prodigious numbers of people abandoned all their civil connections, and their parental relations, and giving over to the churches or monasteries all their lands, treasures, and worldly effects, repaired with the utmost precipitation to Palestine, where they imagined that Christ would descend to judge the world.  Others devoted themselves by a solemn and voluntary oath to the service of the churches, convents, and priesthood, whose slaves, they became in the most rigorous sense of that word, performing daily their heavy tasks; and all this from a notion that the Supreme Judge