Imperial Rome governed the whole of the Mediterranean world,—­a larger proportion and a greater variety of the human race than has ever been under one government.  So far as numbers go, the Russian Empire to-day, the Chinese and the British, each far exceed it; for the population of the world is vastly larger than it was in Rome’s days.  But there was a peculiar unity about the Roman Empire, for it embraced, as men thought, all civilized mankind.  It was known that, far away in the East, there were people called Indians, who had fought with Alexander the Great, but there was little real knowledge of them.  Beyond India, there were vague rumours of a land where silk grew on the leaves of the trees.  But civilized mankind was under the control of Rome.  It was one rule of many races, many kingdoms, princedoms, cities, cantons, and tribes—­a wise rule, a rule that allowed the maximum of local government and traditional usage:  Rome not merely conquered but captured men all over the world; ruled them, as a poet said, like a mother, not a queen, and bound them to herself.  Men were eager, not so much to shake off her yoke, as to be Romans; and from the Atlantic to the Euphrates men, not of Roman blood, were proud to bear Roman names and to be Roman citizens.  “I was free born,” said St. Paul, not without a touch of satisfaction (Acts 22:25-28).  A general peace prevailed through the Roman world—­a peace that was new to mankind.  There was freedom of intercourse; one of the boasts made by the writers of the Roman Empire is of this new freedom to travel, to go anywhere one pleased.  Piracy on the sea, brigandage on the land, had been put down, and there was a very great deal of travel.  The Roman became an inveterate tourist.  He went to the famous scenes of Asia Minor, to Troy above all—­to “sunny Rhodes and Mitylene”—­to Egypt.  Merchants went everywhere.  And there was a fusing of cultures, traditions, and creeds, all over the Mediterranean world.  Centuries before, Alexander the Great had struck out the splendid idea of the marriage of East and West.  He secured it by breaking down the Persian Empire, and making one Empire from the Adriatic to this side of the Sutlej or Bias.  He desired to cement this marriage of East and West in a way of his own.  He took three hundred captive princesses and ladies, and married them in a batch to Macedonian officers—­a very characteristic piece of symbolism.  But his idea was greater and truer than the symbol.

The Roman marriage of the East and West was a more real thing, for behind it lay three centuries of growing intercourse and knowledge along Alexander’s lines.  In the sphere of religion we find it most clearly.  There rises a resultant world-religion—­a religion that embraces all the cults, all the creeds, and at last all the philosophies, in one great system.  That religion held the world.  It is true, there were exceptions.  There was a small and objectionable race called Jews; there were possibly some Druids in Southern Britain; and here and there was a solitary atheist who represented no one but himself.  These few exceptions were the freaks amongst mankind.  Apart from them mankind was united in its general beliefs about the gods.  The world had one religion.