[Footnote 1:  ’Chrzanowski has passed thirty years fighting against or for the Russians.  He began military life in 1811 as a sous lieutenant of artillery in the Polish corps which was attached to the French army.  With that army he served during the march to Moscow, and the retreat.  At the peace, what remained of his corps became a part of the army of the kingdom of Poland.  He had attained the rank of major in that army when the insurrection on the accession of Nicholas broke out.  About one hundred officers belonging to the staff of the properly Russian army were implicated, or supposed to be implicated, in that insurrection, and were dismissed, and their places were supplied from the army of the kingdom of Poland.  Among those so transferred to the Russian army was Chrzanowski.  He was attached to the staff of Wittgenstein, and afterwards of Marshal Diebitsch, in the Turkish campaigns of 1828 and 1829.  In 1830 he took part with his countrymen in the insurrection against the Muscovites, and quitted Poland when it was finally absorbed in the Russian Empire.  A few years after a quarrel was brewing between England and Russia.  Muscovite agents were stirring up Persia and Affghanistan against us, and it was thought that we might have to oppose them on the shores of the Black Sea.  Chrzanowski was attached to the British Embassy at Constantinople and was employed for some years in ascertaining what assistance Turkey, both in Europe and in Asia, could afford to us.  In 1849 he was selected by Charles Albert to command the army of the kingdom of Sardinia.

’That army was constituted on the Prussian system, which makes every man serve, and no man a soldier.  It was, in fact, a militia.  The men were enlisted for only fourteen months, at the end of that time they were sent home, and were recalled when they were wanted, having forgotten their military training and acquired the habits of cottiers and artisans.  They had scarcely any officers, or even sous officers, that knew anything of their business.  The drill sergeants required to be drilled.  The generals, and indeed the greater part of the officers, were divided into hostile factions—­Absolutists, Rouges, Constitutional Liberals, and even Austrians—­for at that time, in the exaggerated terror occasioned by the revolutions of 1848, Austria and Russia were looked up to by the greater part of the noblesse of the Continent as the supporters of order against Mazzini, Kossuth, Ledru Rollin, and Palmerston.  The Absolutists and the Austrians made common cause, whereas the Rouges or Mazzinists were bitterest against the Constitutional Liberals.  Such an army, even if there had been no treason, could not have withstood a disciplined enemy.  When it fell a victim to its own defects, and to the treachery of Ramorino, Chrzanowski retired to Paris.’—­(Extracted from Mr. Senior’s article in the ’North British Review.’)

Chrzanowski died several years ago.—­ED.]