from the central and from the local government of France, has deprived them of all aptitude for business.  The bulk of them are worshippers of wealth, or ease, or pleasure, or safety.  The only unselfish feeling which they cherish is attachment to their hereditary sovereign.  They revere Henri V. as the ruler pointed out to them by Providence:  they love him as the representative of Charles X. the champion of their order, who died in exile for having attempted to restore to them the Government of France.  They hope that on his restoration the canaille of lawyers, and litterateurs, and adventurers, who have trampled on the gentilshommes ever since 1830, will be turned down to their proper places, and that ancient descent will again be the passport to the high offices of the State and to the society of the Sovereign.  The advent of Henri V., which to the Orleanist branch of the Fusionists is a painful means, is to the Legitimist branch a desirable end.  The succession of the Comte de Paris, to which the Orleanists look with hope, is foreseen by the Legitimists with misgivings.  The Fusionist party is in fact kept together not by common sympathies but by common antipathies; each branch of it hates or distrusts the idol of the other, but they co-operate because each branch hates still more bitterly, and distrusts still more deeply, the Imperialists and the Republicans.

’Among the educated classes there are few Republicans, using that word to designate those who actually wish to see France a republic.  There are indeed, many who regret the social equality of the republic, the times when plebeian birth was an aid in the struggle for power, and a journeyman mason could be a serious candidate for the Presidentship, but they are alarmed at its instability.  They have never known a republic live for more than a few years, or die except in convulsions.  The Republican party, however, though small, is not to be despised.  It is skilful, determined, and united.  And the Socialists and the Communists, whom we have omitted in our enumeration as not belonging to the educated classes, would supply the Republican leaders with an army which has more than once become master of Paris.

’The only party that remains to be described is that to which we have given the name of Parliamentarians.  Under this designation—­a designation that we must admit that we have invented ourselves—­we include those who are distinguished from the Imperialists by their desire for a parliamentary form of government; and from the Republicans, by their willingness that that government should be regal; and from the Royalists, by their willingness that it should be republican.  In this class are included many of the wisest and of the honestest men in France.  The only species of rule to which they are irreconcilably opposed is despotism.  No conduct on the part of Louis Napoleon would conciliate a sincere Orleanist, or Legitimist, or Fusionist, or Republican.  The anti-regal prejudices