’There was nothing useful to be done, and, under such circumstances, all action would have been mischievous.

’But at home every thing was to be done.  Our code required to be amended, our commerce and our industry, and our agriculture required to be freed, our municipal and commercial institutions were to be created, our taxation was to be revised, and, above all, our parliamentary system—­under which, out of 36,000,000 of French, only 200,000 had votes, under which the Deputies bought a majority of the 200,000 electors, and the King bought a majority of the 450 deputies—­required absolute reconstruction.

’Louis Philippe would allow nothing to be done.  If he could have prevented it we should not have had a railroad.  He would not allow the most important of all, that to Marseilles, to be finished.  He would not allow our monstrous centralisation, or our monstrous protective system, to be touched.  The owners of forests were permitted to deprive us of cheap fuel, the owners of forges of cheap iron, the owners of factories of cheap clothing.

’In some of this stupid inaction Guizot supported him conscientiously, for, like Thiers, he is ignorant of the first principles of political economy, but he knows too much the philosophy of Government not to have felt, on every other point, that the King was wrong.

’If he supposed that Tocqueville wished to be in his place, on the conditions on which he held office, he was utterly mistaken.

’Tocqueville was ambitious; he wished for power.  So did I. We would gladly have been real Ministers, but nothing would have tempted us to be the slaves of the pensee immuable, or to sit in a Cabinet in which we were constantly out-voted, or to defend, as Guizot had to do in the Chamber, conduct which we had disapproved in the Council.

’You ask why Tocqueville joined the Gauche whom he despised, against the Droit with whom he sympathised?

’He voted with the Gauche only where he thought their votes right.  Where he thought them wrong, as, for instance, in all that respected Algeria, he left them.  They would have abandoned the country, and, when that could not be obtained, they tried to prevent the creation of the port.

’Very early, however, in his parliamentary life, he had found that an independent member—­a member who supporting no party is supported by no party—–­is useless.  He allowed himself therefore to be considered a member of the Gauche; but I never could persuade him to be tolerably civil to them.  Once, after I had been abusing him for his coldness to them, he shook hands with Romorantin, then looked towards me for my applause, but I doubt whether he ever shook hands with him again.  In fact almost his only point of contact with them was their disapprobation of the inactivity of Louis Philippe.  Many of them were Bonapartists like Abbatucci and Romorantin.  Some were Socialists, some were Republicans; the majority of them wished to overthrow the Monarchy, and the minority looked forward with indifference to its fall.